Severe malaria occurs predominantly in young children and immunity to clinical disease is associated with cumulative exposure in holoendemic settings. The relative contribution of immunity against various stages of the parasite life cycle that results in controlling infection and limiting disease is not well understood. Here we analyse the dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection aft...

Invertebrates have an immune response that differs considerably from the acquired immune response found in vertebrates. However, new studies indicate that past experience with a pathogen can provide individual invertebrates, or their descendants, with enhanced immunity. This prophylactic effect, termed immunological priming, is functionally similar to the acquired immune response in vertebrates...

In recent years of immunology, the understanding innate immunity has deepened, and concept been proposed even in area acquired immune subjects. The conventional immunosuppressive treatments have mainly controlled step immunity. However, involvement was clarified for hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which confirmed to be very effective cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). This review introduces mechani...

1. The resistance against toxic products of typhoid bacilli of the heart tissues of typhoid-immune animals is greater than that of nonimmunized animals. 2. The acquired increase of resisting power is specific. 3. The increased resistance is not caused by antitoxin, but by a specific biological alteration of tissue cells. 4. It is maintained that permanent acquired immunity, at least in typhoid,...