developments in imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have led to increased detection of adrenal tumors. 1 Most incidentally discovered adrenal masses are biochemically non-functioning, and only 2% are metastases from various cancers. Approximately 75% of adrenal masses that are found during the staging of patients with cancer are metastases fr...

Adrenal gland surgery needs a multidisciplinary team including endocrinologist, radiologist, anesthesiologist, and surgeon. The indications for adrenal gland surgery include hormonal secreting and non-hormonal secreting tumors. Adrenal hormonal secreting tumors present to the anesthesiologist unique challenges requiring good preoperative evaluation, perioperative hemodynamic control, correction...

Recent studies have shown that the adrenal gland is the fourth most common site of HCC extrahepatic metastasis; despite this, the incidence of right adrenal metastasis of HCC is unclear. EUS-guided FNA of the right adrenal gland is technically possible and safe, and should be considered in cases of right adrenal tumors with no diagnostic criteria by imaging test.

Radiographic findings may be very helpful in deciding adequate management. A cystic image with fluid contents and an attenuation coefficient similar to water containing calcifications (occurring in up to 15% of cases) may suggest an adrenal cyst. Rozenblit et al. classified nonfunctioning cystic adrenal masses into four types based on radiographic criteria. Uncomplicated cysts are homogeneous c...

AIMS To review the morphology of the adrenal glands in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) on computed tomography (CT) to compare the results with established normal values for adrenal size and nodularity and to correlate adrenal size with serum cortisol secretory dynamics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two observers independently reviewed the adrenal CT in 28 patients with MEN1, measuring the...

OBJECTIVES To determine if the selection criteria for ipsilateral adrenalectomy during laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (RN) can be further restricted, with the goal of sparing more patients unnecessary adrenalectomy while preserving the removal of adrenal glands containing malignancy, as recent evidence suggests that adrenalectomy in association with RN for renal cancer can be limited to patie...

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis describes a complex set of positive and negative feedback influences between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland.[...].