While enforceable National Environmental Quality Standards for pollutants exist in Pakistan, ambient air quality guidelines have never been established. However, there is no reliable epidemiological/toxicological monitoring system in place in Pakistan to provide a basis for establishing guidelines for various air pollutants. This paper reviews the World Health Organization air quality guideline...

We have been observing the Earth's upper atmosphere from space for several decades, but only over the past decade has the necessary technology begun to match our desire to observe surface air pollutants and climate-relevant trace gases in the lower troposphere, where we live and breathe. A new generation of Earth-observing satellites, capable of probing the lower troposphere, are already orbiti...

background dust events are common air pollution events in parts of the world in arid, semiarid, or desert areas. during the last years, air quality of kerman city has been deteriorated due to urban and industrial development as well as population growth. objective the aim of this study was to evaluate the dust fall events in kerman city. material and methods the british jar test assembly method...

air pollution is one of the major threats to environment in the present time. increase in degree of urbanization is a major cause of this air pollution. due to urbanization, vehicular activities are continuously increasing at a tremendous rate. mobile or vehicular pollution is predominantly degrading the air quality worldwide. thus, air quality management is necessary for dealing with this seve...

To analyze the relationship between levels of air pollution and number of children hospitalizations because of respiratory tract infection in Shenmu County, the data regarding meteorological factors, environmental pollutants, that is SO(2) and NO(2), Particulate Matter 10 (PM10), and hospitalizations of children less than 16 years of age was collected during the time duration of November 2009 t...

BACKGROUND A large number of studies about effects of air pollutants on cardiovascular mortality have been conducted; however, those investigating association between air pollutants and cardiovascular morbidity are limited, especially in developing countries. METHODS A time-series analysis on the short-term association between outdoor air pollutants including particulate matter (PM) with diam...

BACKGROUND Extreme temperatures have been associated with increased mortality worldwide. The extent to which air pollutants may confound or modify this association remains unclear. METHODS We examined the association between mean apparent temperature and total mortality in 9 cities across the United States during the warm season (May to September) from 1999 to 2002. We applied case-crossover ...

Data-based and model-free accurate identification of intrinsic time delays and directional interactions is an extremely challenging problem in complex dynamical systems and their networks reconstruction. A model-free method with new scores is proposed to be generally capable of detecting single, multiple, and distributed time delays. The method is applicable not only to mutually interacting dyn...

This paper uses an updated and revised panel data set on ambient air pollution in cities worldwide to examine the robustness of the evidence for the existence of an inverted-U-shaped relationship between national income and pollution. We test the sensitivity of the pollution-income relationship to functional forms, to additional covariates, and to changes in the nations, cities, and years sampl...

In many studies, it is known that one or more of the covariates have a monotonic effect on the response variable. In these circumstances, standard fitting methods for generalized additive models (GAMs) generate implausible results. A fitting procedure is proposed that incorporates monotonicity assumptions on one or more smooth components within a GAM framework. The algorithm uses the monotonici...