INTRODUCTION Stainless steel welds characteristically consist of a two-phase austenite plus ferrite microstructure. Ferrite levels may vary from a few percent in austenitic stainless steel welds to more than 50% in duplex stainless steel welds. The ability to predict the ferrite content in these welds is essential for many reasons. To a large extent, the final ferrite content determines a weldm...

Wheel/rail contact simulation is one of the most complicated problems in the modeling of railway vehicles. The wheel/rail interaction plays a unique role in rail vehicle dynamics. In this paper, the dynamic response of the wheel on irregular rail track is analyzed with analytical approach using the method of Multiple Scales (MMS). The Hertzian contact theory is used to obtain the relationshi...

There are many steels which are stronger than 2000 MPa, with toughness values exceeding 100 MPa m and which have been in commercial service for many decades. Examples include the marageing alloys and carbide–free bainitic steels. By contrast, welding consumables with a proof strength in excess of 1000 MPa are few and far between. This is because whereas wrought steels can be thermomechanically ...

Friction Stir Welding (FSW), being a novel process and facilitates welding various joints required for several industrial applications. It is an attractive technology for solid state material joining, contrary to conventional welding methods, having ability to produce welds with higher integrity and minimum induced distortion and residual stresses. In this paper, the operation of FSW, critical ...

Scandium-reinforced aluminum alloys represent a new generation of high-performance alloys that display numerous advantages over high-strength aluminum alloys. Scandium-reinforced alloys are much stronger than other high-strength alloys, exhibit significant grain refinement, strengthen welds, and eliminate hot cracking in welds. These alloys also exhibit a good resistance to corrosion as shown b...

In the modern motorcar production, more than 300 deep-drawn sheet metal parts are joined together by more than 3,000 spot welds on each car body. To check the spot welds within the framework of the quality assurance, different nondestructive test methods are available in addition to the destructive methods (tear down test, metallographic inspection): the chipping test and the ultrasonic test, w...

The identification of infrastructure critical to regional rail freight operations has many implications. Primarily, such a process informs policy-makers and directs funding to areas of high importance and/or greatest need. For the Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning (CMAP), analysts at Cambridge Systematics developed an infrastructure identification process designed to evaluate which key a...

the ability to perform rolling contact fatigue (rcf) experiments in wheel–rail material is provided by a new small–scale test rig, manifesting the actual dynamic behaviour of the railway system. in this paper, a multi-body dynamics (mbd) model is proposed, simulating the vibration behaviour of the prescribed rig. the new testing facility is modelled using a three-dimensional model of the vehicl...

We develop a model to determine the optimal structure and size of a rail car fleet at a chemical company under uncertainty in demand and travel times as well as substitution between rail car types. First, we formulate an MILP model that accounts for the substitution relations between the types and minimizes the total direct rail car cost under given rail car availability constraints and a prede...