Interpretation of urine drug-testing results is a challenging endeavor for several reasons. Effects of pH, dilution, legitimate and illicit sources of the drugs, and, perhaps the most challenging, the possibility of the methamphetamine and/or amphetamine being the result of the use of some other drug. Although it is known that 14 different compounds are metabolized to methamphetamine or ampheta...

Repeated intermittent exposure to amphetamine produces long-term enhancements in the ability of this drug to produce locomotion and increase extracellular dopamine (DA) in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the role played by D1 DA receptors in the production of these changes in response to amphetamine. Rats were preexposed to amphetamine, alone or with a...

Systemic administration of amphetamine results in increases in the release of acetylcholine in the cortex. Basal forebrain mediation of this effect was examined in three experiments using microdialysis in freely-moving rats. Experiment 1 examined whether dopamine receptor activity within the basal forebrain was necessary for amphetamine-induced increase in cortical acetylcholine by examining wh...

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treatment options include pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches. In North America, psychostimulants (amphetamine and methylphenidate) are considered first-line pharmacological treatments for patients (children, adolescents and adults) with ADHD. However, in the UK, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines...

It was already found that Ang II AT₁ receptors are involved in the neuroadaptative changes induced by a single exposure to amphetamine, and such changes are related to the development of behavioral and neurochemical sensitization. The induction of the immediately early gene c-fos has been used to define brain activated areas by amphetamine. Our aim was to evaluate the participation of AT₁ recep...

Amphetamine-group substances are used worldwide and are more prevalent than either cocaine or opioids. We reviewed published reports about amphetamine-group substances and did a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of behavioural interventions for their use. Most research was done in developed countries. Many, but not all, studies show an association between amphetamine-group substance...

AIMS Amphetamine intake is associated with acute vascular syndromes. Since these events are caused by arterial thrombosis and this in turn is triggered by tissue factor (TF), this study examines whether amphetamines regulate TF in human endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Amphetamine (10(-7)-10(-4) mol/L) enhanced thrombin- and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced as well as basal TF...

RATIONALE Previous research demonstrated a positive effect of d-amphetamine on long-term verbal memory. An improvement in memory for contextual information is proposed as a possible mechanism underlying the d-amphetamine facilitation effect. OBJECTIVES A double blind, placebo controlled experiment was used to examine the processes involved in episodic memory affected by an acute administratio...

Although it is clear that amphetamine-induced dopamine (DA) release mediated by the dopamine transporter (DAT) is integral to the behavioral actions of this psychostimulant, the mechanism of this release is not clear. In this study, we explored the requirement for intracellular Ca(2+) in amphetamine-induced DA efflux and currents mediated by the human DAT. The patch-clamp technique in the whole...

Acutely manic bipolar patients, like patients with schizophrenia, Tourette's syndrome, panic disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder, exhibit deficits in sensorimotor gating, as measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response. Here, we assessed the ability of four drugs used in the treatment of bipolar mania-phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproate, and lithium-to reduce the PPI-di...