abstract bazel mashadi′s heydary attack is one of the earliest and most famous attack epics written in the twelfth century. bazel exploits the style and format of shahname in his masnavi, composed in twenty to thirty thousand verses. the poet, after chanting the praise of god, prophet and his successor (vali), verses the history of islam beginning from the prophet’s mission (be’sat) to the orde...

cases where bayt al-mal is responsible for payment of compensation are sometimes accompanied by intensification of compensation. the question is that whether bayt al-mal should pay the intensified compensation in such cases. this question has not been answered in juristic and, legal texts. in addition to causing difference in opinions, it has caused courts to doubt generalization of the intensi...

We analyze the optimal coverage level for an unreliable insurance contract if a utility-maximizing policyholder can transfer intrinsic nonperformance risk to several co-insurers. Our discussion starts with demand model under default and introduction of multiple risk-sharing instrument called co-insurance policy. Subsequently, we examine interrelation between recovery rate level, utility policyh...