this study is intended to investigate the level of public-private cooperation in the process of agricultural development from the view point of potential investors and producers. to achieve this objective we used an adjusted jensen model as a conceptual framework for cooperation. in this process mutual responsibilities is provided to reveal different dimensions of strategic cooperation between ...

Abstract This paper examines the issue of earning management in companies with equity incentives from two dimensions: manipulation intensity R&D and accounting treatment by using a sample Shanghai Shenzhen listed China 2014 to 2019. We find that order depress benchmarks exercise prices for performance appraisal incentive covenants, managers not only conduct accrual earnings expensing expend...

the housing sector can be considered both the exchange of intermediate goods and the investment goods for the manufacturing sectors. the housing sector is the buyer of intermediate goods such as brick, cement, iron etc from one side, and uses the investment goods such as crane etc from other side. furthermore, it uses the labour force. thus, the housing sector has three types of buying which in...

The traditional consideration of architectural history as a linear process, where one style successively replaces another, still dominates, but does not explain many phenomena. V.S. Goryunov substantiated fundamentally different, non-linear model the historical process in architecture on basis 19th – early 20th centuries. V. S. and M. P. Tubli proposed stylistic polyphony with introduction conc...

This study tests for the presence of real options effects induced by uncertainty and (partial) irreversibility on fixed capital investment using Italian company data. Our approach recognizes that firm-level investment spending may, itself, be aggregated over multiple investment decisions in separate types of capital goods and emphasizes effects of uncertainty on short-run investment dynamics. U...

this paper tries to survey the relationship between national revenue growth with the governments current expenditure, which increases under the effect of the governments transfer payments composed of basic goods subsidies. the paper uses a dynamic two-sector equation that was formulated according to irans economic structure characteristics. the solution of the model by way of reduced form equat...