despite controversy, the contingent valuation method (cvm) is widely used for non-market valuation. among elicitation methods of cvm, the dichotomous choice (dc) has been paid attention. there are two types of dc methods: single-bounded dc (sbdc) and double-bounded dc (dbdc). dbdc is more efficient than sbdc. many of cvm studies in iran used dbdc but data analyses were done by logit model; that...

Aḥmad Ṣubḥī Manṣūr is a contemporary Egyptian researcher who has been considered by some as the spiritual leader of the Qur’ānists in that country. Relying on the Qur’ān, he tries to introduce this divine book as the only source of legislation and prove the non-authoritativeness of the Sunna. Referring to the verses that seemingly consider God and the Qur’ān to be enough for the human, deem the...

Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial metabolic disorder that affects multiple organs of the body, one of the most important of which is chronic kidney disease. Early diagnosis of this disease is suggested as an important strategy to reduce the complications of the disease worldwide. Since the measurement of salivary creatinine and glucose is an easy and noninvasive method, the aim o...