We present results from our work on the coevolution of artificial creatures similar to those introduced by Sims [7]. In the present article we are mostly concerned with coevolutionary analysis. Coevolution is prone to complex dynamics which are often difficult to analyse. We introduce an improved analysis method based on Master Tournament matrices [5], which we argue is both less costly to comp...

Contrasting with smoothness, non-smoothness occurs widely around the world. There are many typical non-smooth surface morphologies in living creatures. Non-smooth surfaces have some special functions during the evolution of living creatures. According to the traditional conception, the body surface is smoother, and the adhesion force is smaller. In many cases, the surfaces of some products or w...

The problem of evil continues to be a supposed 'safe haven 'for the skeptic. He believes that issue gives evidence to support his rebellious attitude toward God. Unfortunately, many evangelicals, by adopting theistic evolution, give credence to the skeptic's argument; because God would then have created pain and suffering to be inherent in the universe. As one rightly understands the Scriptures...

Traditional theories of animal rights are based upon the argument that species membership is a morally arbitrary feature in ethical reasoning. Rather than base moral standing upon common humanity, animal rights theorists have claimed that all sentient creatures, or creatures above a certain level of sentience, belong to the same ethical community, and thus are rights bearers. In this way, anima...

Abstract In Fellow Creatures , Christine Korsgaard claims that human beings ought to treat all sentient animals as ends in themselves. However, this article, I argue Korgaard's method goes beyond what a coherent constructivist conception allows, and claim we should therefore adopt Humean rather than Kantian version of constructivism. believe such permits us hold substantial ethical positions ab...

Animals, including dogs, dolphins, monkeys and man, follow gaze. What mediates this bias towards the eyes? One hypothesis is that primates possess a distinct neural module that is uniquely tuned for the eyes of others. An alternative explanation is that configural face processing drives fixations to the middle of peoples' faces, which is where the eyes happen to be located. We distinguish betwe...