Background This paper describes the evolutionary changes in morphology and orientation of PFJ using species present through our ancestry over 340 million years. Methods 37 specimens from Devonian period to modern day were scanned a 64-slice CT scanner. 3D geometries created following routine segmentation anatomical measurements taken standardised bony landmarks. Results Findings are described a...

Anterior knee pain following primary total knee arthroplasty is common and can be difficult to treat satisfactorily. We reviewed 28 consecutive patients (29 knees) who underwent secondary resurfacing of the patella for persistent anterior knee pain and report on the results. Mean follow-up was 28 months (range 12-61) with no cases lost to follow-up. Oxford knee scores, range of motion, the pati...

The diagnosis and management of chronic anterior knee pain in the active individual can be frustrating for both the patient and physician. Pain may be a result of a single traumatic event or, more commonly, repetitive overuse. "Anterior knee pain," "patellofemoral pain syndrome," and "chondromalacia" are terms that are often used interchangeably to describe multiple conditions that occur in the...

BACKGROUND Several different etiologies cause knee pain in the pediatric and adolescent population, including anterior knee/patellofemoral pain, patellar instability, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears, meniscal tears, osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions, and discoid meniscus. The purpose of the current study was to determine the relative morbidity of different causes of knee pain in ch...

CONTEXT Osteoarthritic knee pain is very common, as are leg length discrepancies (LLDs). The relationship between LLDs and osteoarthritic knee pain is not well understood. OBJECTIVE To confirm a clinical impression that osteoarthritic knee pain is more common in the short (ie, superior-presenting) leg, as measured by supine physical examination of 3 bony landmarks: the medial malleoli, the an...

Knee pain in children and adolescents is one of the most prevalent complaints in a pediatric practice, accounting for at least a third of musculoskeletal complaints. Accurate diagnosis requires an understanding of knee anatomy and patterns of knee injuries and skill in physical examination. This review covers the most common causes of knee pain in children and adolescents, including overuse iss...

BACKGROUND Persistent unexplained pain around the knee can be a perplexing problem. Reports of complex regional pain syndrome involving primarily knee have been published, yet complex regional pain syndrome of the knee is infrequently included in differential diagnosis of pain out of proportion. CASE PRESENTATION A 54 year old female presented to the physiotherapy outpatient department with c...