introduction: complicated crown- root fractures, extended caries and iatrogenic destruction often result in insufficient sound tooth structures and compromise the biologic width. two common options for re-establishing flap with osseous surgery. although some advantages are related to these two options, but coronal movement of gingival and alveolar bone in orthodontic extrusion, esthetic problem...

The absence of a natural apical constriction in permanent tooth makes endodontic treatment a challenge. Traditionally, calcium hydroxide was used for inducing the formation of an apical barrier. Currently, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has shown promising results for apexification procedures. In an open apex, it is imperative to limit the MTA placement within the confines of the root canal f...

This case report presents the successful surgical treatment of a symptomatic open apex upper central incisor with a failed overfilled mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) apical plug. Unintentional overextension of the MTA had occurred two years before the initial visit. An apical lesion adjacent to the excess MTA was radiographically detectable. Endodontic surgery was performed using calcium-enric...

BACKGROUND Cleaning and shaping of the pulp canal is one of the most important steps of endodontic therapy. Serious complications occur by the apical extrusion of bacteria during the instrumentation procedures. Both crown-down (CD) and full-length linear motion (FM) techniques are routinely used as a component of taper rotary instrument procedures for achievement of thorough cleaning and shapin...

Treatment of a non vital tooth with necrotic pulp and immature apex is a great challenge to the clinician. In obturation for gutta-percha condensation, there should be an apical barrier to avoid extrusion of cements and gutta-percha into the apical area leading to periapical trauma. Apexification is a method which is used for treatment of such tooth with open apex. It is defined as “a method to...

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in various concentrations is the most widely used endodontic irrigant, but it can be an irritant to vital tissues. There are several reports about the complications of irrigation with NaOCl during root canal therapy. Most of the complications are the result of accidental extrusion of the solution from the apical foramen or accessory canals or perforations into the pe...