Recently Seiberg and Witten have proposed that noncommutative gauge theories realized as effective theories on D-brane are equivalent to some ordinary gauge theories. This proposal has been proved, however, only for the Dirac-Born-Infeld action in the approximation of neglecting all derivative terms. In this paper we explicitly construct general forms of the 2n-derivative terms which satisfy th...

In this paper, efficient methods seeking the numerical solution of a time-fractional fourth-order differential equation with Caputo’s derivative are derived. The such problem has weak singularity near initial time t=0. Caputo order α∈(0,1) is discretized by well-known L1 formula on nonuniform meshes; for spatial derivative, local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) finite element method used. Based di...

in this paper, we have proposed a numerical method for singularly perturbed  fourth order ordinary differential equations of convection-diffusion type. the numerical method combines boundary value technique, asymptotic expansion approximation, shooting method and  finite difference method. in order to get a numerical solution for the derivative of the solution, the given interval is divided  in...

A finite difference/Galerkin spectral discretization for the temporal and spatial fractional coupled Ginzburg–Landau system is proposed analyzed. The Alikhanov L2-1? difference formula utilized to discretize time Caputo derivative, while Legendre-Galerkin approximation used approximate Riesz operator. scheme shown efficiently applicable with accuracy in space second-order time. discrete form of...

approximating the solution of differential equations of fractional order is necessary because fractional differential equations have extensively been used in physics, chemistry as well as engineering fields. in this paper with central difference approximation and newton cots integration formula, we have found approximate solution for a class of boundary value problems of fractional order. three...

In this paper, a high-order and fast numerical method is investigated for the time-fractional Black-Scholes equation. order to deal with typical weak initial singularity of solution, we construct finite difference scheme variable time steps, where fractional derivative approximated by nonuniform Alikhanov formula sum-of-exponentials (SOE) technique. spatial direction, an average approximation f...

Background & Objective:  Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety reaction, which occurs as a result of encountering a seriously traumatic event during one’s lifetime. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of saffron aqueous extract and crocin on spatial memory and learning with the Barnes maze in a PTSD model on male Wistar rats (Weighting 200–250 gr). Materials & Method...

A new method is formulated and analyzed for the approximate solution of a twodimensional time-fractional diffusion-wave equation. In this method, orthogonal spline collocation is used for the spatial discretization and, for the time-stepping, a novel alternating direction implicit (ADI) method based on the Crank-Nicolson method combined with the L1-approximation of the time Caputo derivative of...

We present an algorithmic framework for unconstrained derivative-free optimization based on dividing the search space in regions (partitions). Every partition is assigned a representative point. The representative points form a grid. A piece-wise constant approximation to the function subject to optimization is constructed using a partitioning and its corresponding grid. The convergence of the ...