BACKGROUND Human skin properties have been used as an important diagnostic component in traditional medicine as they change with health conditions. Sasang constitutional medicine (SCM) puts emphasis on the recognition of the constitution-specific skin features prior to the diagnostic decision of health. In this work, in search of skin-characteristics effectively reflecting SCM features, we comp...

The importance of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in vascular regeneration is becoming increasingly recognized. However, few in vitro studies have been performed to identify the effects of environmental elasticity on the differentiation of MSC into vascular cell types. Electrospinning and photopolymerization techniques were used to fabricate a three-dimensional (3-D) polyethylene glycol dimethacry...

The protein titin functions as a mechanical spring conferring passive elasticity to muscle. Force spectroscopy studies have shown that titin exhibits several regimes of elasticity. Disordered segments bring about a soft, entropic spring-type elasticity; secondary structures of titin's immunoglobulin-like (Ig-) and fibronectin type III-like (FN-III) domains provide a stiff elasticity. In this st...

introduction: based on the invasive studies it has been shown that factors such as age, the progress of eye disorders, lens fibers compression and the biochemical changes of ocular matrix alter the physical characteristics and elastic properties of eye. in this study, a noninvasive method of estimating human eye elasticityis proposed and its relation with age and gender is evaluated using ultra...

Quasicrystals can carry, in addition to the classical phonon displacement field, a phason displacement field, which requires a generalized theory of elasticity. In this paper, the third-order strain invariants (including phason strain) of icosahedral quasicrystals are determined. They are connected with 20 independent third-order elastic constants. By means of non-linear elasticity, phason stra...

This paper examines the smoking behavior in China using the urban data set from the 1995 Chinese Household Income Study. We investigate the two parts of elasticity through employing two main models. We find the estimate of overall cigarette price elasticity is –0.654 by combining the estimates of participation elasticity and conditional elasticity. The result implies that people still care abou...

Incorporating a household’s net sale status into a rearranged Slutsky equation with combined ordinary and endowment income effects, this paper aims to reinterpret the income elasticity of demand in the case of buying and selling and to associate it with types of goods in a novel manner. To this end, the Deaton’s (1989) net benefit ratio (NBR) approach is expressed as the difference between orig...

Equity mutual fund loads have fallen, while stock ownership rates and equity mutual fund use have risen, plausibly boosting the stock wealth elasticity of U.S. consumption. Because of limited wealth and diversification needs, load declines likely spurred middle-income families to invest in equity, consistent with cross-section data and the calibration model of Heaton and Lucas (2000). In load-m...

The capital income share exceeds the capital output elasticity if capital owners extract rents. Based on a sample of 111 countries during the period 1970-2010, this paper provides estimates of the capital output elasticity and compares these to countries' capital income shares. Three findings arise: (i) for the average country in the sample, the capital income share significantly exceeds the ca...