Sinkhole development occurs in many areas of the world where soluble rocks crop out. Sinkholes are generally the surface expression of the presence of caves and other groundwater flow conduits in carbonate rocks, which are solutionally enlarged secondary permeability features. Their formation may be either natural or caused by man’s activities. In both cases, heavy consequences have to be regis...

pb-zn deposits in the kurdistan region, northern iraq, have occurred mainly as a stratabound and open-space filling ore bodies. they are hosted by dolostone and dolomitic-limestone of platform carbonates. the ore deposits at the studied dure and lefan areas are respectively hosted by kurra chine (upper triassic) and bekhme (upper cretaceous) formations. pyrite, sphalerite and galena are the maj...

Permeability is arguably the most important property in evaluating fluid flow in the reservoir. It is also one of the most difficult parameters to measure in field. One of the main techniques for determining permeability is the application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) logging across the borehole. However, available correlations in literature for estimating permeability from NMR data do n...

introduction the central alborz in eastern mazandaran province is host to the most important carbonate-hosted fluorite deposits in iran, such as pachi-miana, sheshroodbar, era and kamarposht. in these deposits, mineralization occurs in the upper parts of the middle triassic elika formation (vahabzadeh et al., 2009 and references therein). these deposits have long been studied, and various model...

introduction the iran has vast areas of karst landforms due to the relatively high carbonaceous rocks deposited during different geologic eras. karst landforms are noteworthy for investigation from many aspects. the primary importance of these regions is the considerable amount of underground water stored in karst formations. these reserves are favorable, both in quality and quantity, as natura...