This aim of this study was to explore the effects and molecular mechanisms of Astragalus extract against cerebral ischemia injury through the energy metabolism and apoptosis pathways of c‑Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signal transduction. After the bilateral common carotid artery of C57BL/6 mice was occluded for 20 min followed by 1-h reperfusion, the ATP content, total adenine nucleotides (TAN),...

The hypotheses about the origin of the primitive amniotic tarsus are very speculative. Early studies argued that the origin of the astragalus, one of the largest proximal bones in the tarsus of basal amniotes, was produced by either the fusion of two, three, or even four of the original tarsal bones, the intermedium, the tibiale and the proximal centralia (c4 and c3), or that the intermedium al...

Ernest Sosa has long defended bi-level virtue epistemology on the grounds that it offers the best overall treatment of epistemology’s central issues. A surprising number of problems “yield to” the approach (Sosa 1991: 9). Sosa applies bi-level virtue epistemology to diagnose and bypass ongoing disputes in contemporary epistemology, including the disputes between foundationalists and coherentist...

This study is based on oribatid mite materials collected by swiping bushes in central Madagascar. Four species are identified; a new subgenus and two species, Afreremella (Arboreremella) n. subgen., with type madagascarensis sp. (Eremellidae), Lucoppia ankaratraensis (Oribatulidae) described. An identification key to known representatives of provided. The initial subgeneric status Eremella (Arc...

Two new species, Zercon (Zercorientalia) formosianus sp. nov. and Zercon (Zercorientalia) spinosus sp. nov., are described from the high mountain zone of Taiwan. A new subgenus, Zercon (Zercorientalia) subgen. nov., is established for these species, on the basis of a unique combination of podonotal chaetotaxy and pore positions. Zercon (Zercorientalia) sinensis Petrova & Taskaeva, 1968 is trans...

Phylogenetic analyses were performed using multiple nuclear (ITS and ETS) and chloroplast regions (ndhF-trnL, psbA-trnH, psbD-trnT, and trnT-trnL) to test the monophyly of Aconitum subgen. Lycoctonum (Ranunculaceae) and reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships within the subgenus. The subgenus as currently circumscribed is revealed to be polyphyletic. To achieve its monophyly, sect. Galeata a...

The previously known distribution area of the genus Grossander Slater, 1976 (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Rhyparochromidae, Drymini) is broadened with the description of two new species: Grossander papuanus sp. nov. (New Guinea) and Grossander eylesi sp. nov. (Burma, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia). Grossander (Oculoander) subgen. nov. is created for these new taxa. Drawings of habitus and m...

One new species, Schwarzerium yunnanum sp. n. is described from Yunnan Province, China. And a new subgenus Rugosochroma subgen. n. is erected for it. Additionally, Seven species of the tribe Callichromatini are newly recorded from China: Aphrodisium niisatoi Vives & Bentanachs, 2007, Aphrodisium tricoloripes Pic, 1925, Chelidonium violaceimembris Gressitt & Rondon, 1970 (new from Vietnam too), ...