An improved protocol for crystallographic refinement by simulated annealing is presented. It consists of slow cooling starting at high temperatures. Tests of refinements of aspartate aminotransferase and procin pepsin show that the slow-cooling protocol produces lower R factors and better geometry than other protocols previously published. The influence of the temperature-control method, weight...

We have determined metallographic cooling rates of 9 IVB irons by measuring Ni gradients 3 lm or less in length at kamacite–taenite boundaries with the analytical transmission electron microscope and by comparing these Ni gradients with those derived by modeling kamacite growth. Cooling rates at 600–400 C vary from 475 K/Myr at the low-Ni end of group IVB to 5000 K/Myr at the high-Ni end. Sizes...

Understanding cooling of hot charge carriers in semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) is of fundamental interest and useful to enhance the performance of QDs in photovoltaics. We study electron and hole cooling dynamics in PbSe QDs up to high energies where carrier multiplication occurs. We characterize distinct cooling steps of hot electrons and holes and build up a broadband cooling spectrum for b...

introduction reducing and optimizing energy consumption and consequently environmental pollution reductions, besides improving building performance providing occupants comfort conditions, make the building's concept closer to the concept of green building and sustainability. once the decision to build green has been made, one of the first steps in the green design process is to establish f...

The rheology and microstructure of a rennet casein system were studied in the pH range from 5.8 to 12.0 during cooling from 80 to 5 degrees C at four cooling rates: 0.5, 0.1, 0.05, and 0.025 degrees C/min. A dramatic increase in storage modulus with pH was observed during cooling at a fixed cooling rate. Continuous networks were formed for gels at pH 7.2 and above, while a discontinuous network...

When an aluminum alloy is solution annealed and afterwards cooled too slowly, an exothermal precipitation reaction occurs. With increasing cooling rate, the precipitation heat decreases. Since the precipitation reaction is relatively fast, a fast cooling rate on the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) is essential to obtain the critical cooling rate which is the minimum cooling rate at whic...

Using Monte Carlo simulations we study cooling-rate effects in a three-dimensional Ising model with four-spin interactions. During coarsening, this model develops growing energy barriers which at low temperature lead to very slow dynamics. We show that the characteristic zero-temperature length increases very slowly with the inverse cooling rate, similarly to the behaviour of ordinary glasses. ...

Water cooling by ambient takes place with two mechanisms of heat and mass transfer. Using packings at wet cooling towers has disadvantages such as obstruction, reduction of life expectancy and production of algae and fungi. In shower cooling towers types of towers packings are completely removed and water intake is in direct contact and heat transfer takes place in two ways of latent and sensib...