The atomic force microscope (AFM) and its derivative technologies have heralded a new era in science and technology. AFM and related instruments were primarily designed by physicists. In recent years there is a substantial presence of engineers with controls and systems background who are contributing to AFM related technologies. This article provides a tutorial on the control and systems appro...

A new in-process atomic-force microscopy (AFM) based inspection is presented for nanolithography to compensate for any deviation such as instantaneous degradation of the lithography probe tip. Traditional method used the AFM probes for lithography work and retract to inspect the obtained feature but this practice degrades the probe tip shape and hence, affects the measurement quality. This pape...

Monoclinic-scheelite BiVO4 has been widely studied as a promising oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst in artificial photosynthesis. Though significant progress to improve or augment its catalysis performance has been made, fundamental understanding of its relatively poor performance as a bare material is lacking. In this paper, we report the correlation of the surface structure and trap st...

A new and simple method followed by atomic absorption spectrometry has been developedfor indirect determination of ascorbic acid (AA). The proposed method was based on the oxidationof AA to dehydroascorbic acid with Cu2+cation(200mgL-1)in an ammonium thiocyanatesolution atpH2.4. AA reduces Cu2+to Cu+followed by the precipitation of Cu+ with SCN-. Then, the excess ofCu2+in the solution was measu...

in this paper we examine the absorption and dispersion properties of a weak probe field via electromagnetically induced transparency (eit) in a four-level system. it is shown that under certain condition, using this model, the absorption cancellation is appeared and the medium becomes transparent to the weak probe field. it will be shown that the controlling of absorption and dispersion spectru...

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) is a technique for measuring quantities of chemical elements present in environmental samples by measuring the absorbed radiation by the chemical element of interest. This is done by reading the spectra produced when the sample is excited by radiation. The atoms absorb ultraviolet or visible light and make transitions to higher energy levels. Atomic absorpti...

Some of the causes of this curvature are controlled by the instrument design or by the experimental conditions used. The degree of curvature for nickel at the 232.0 nm wavelength, for instance, is controlled by the spectral bandwidth chosen on the monochromator, because the curvature arises from overlap of a nearby nonabsorbed line in the nickel spectrum. At practical instrument settings, it is...

The dark lines in the solar spectrum were discovered by Wollaston and cataloged by Fraunhofer in the early days of the 19th century. Some years later, Kirchhoff explained the appearance of the dark lines: the sun was acting as a continuum light source and metals in the ground state in its atmosphere were absorbing characteristic narrow regions of the spectrum. This discovery eventually spawned ...