background foods are enriched with variety of chemical elements. some of these elements are necessary for human health. these elements enter in liquid, the cells and other organs, certain amount of these elements are essential for body organs to work properly. objectives this research was conducted to compare the level of lead and cadmium contamination in garlic species planted in ramhormoz and...

ime-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer is being developed since Wiley & McLaren has presented this experimental technique of measuring the mass of low energy ions and devised the first spectrometer back in 1955 [1]. However, the instrumentation of time-of-fight mass spectrometry has been under continuous progress by adapting with the technological advancements in the other fields of science, e.g...

Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation corresponds to photon energies exceeding 6.2 eV and provides access atomic molecular resonant transitions in various plasmas. Determining population densities of electronic levels directly connected the ground state requires an absolute intensity calibration VUV spectrometer. For this purpose, synchrotron from electron storage rings is typical primary standard...

Liquid chromatographs, coupled with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometers, have been widely used for the identification and quantification of trace element compounds. The quantification of the discontinuous signals from the spectrometer defining a chromatographic band is very much a matter of judgement and therefore prone to error. This paper describes a system which links a high-per...

This article presents a new type of low-energy crossed-beam electron spectrometer for measuring angular differential cross sections of electron-impact excitation of atomic and molecular targets. Designed for investigations at energies close to excitation thresholds, the spectrometer combines a pulsed electron beam with the time-of-flight technique to distinguish between scattering channels. A l...

Amorphous Co1-xPx alloy nanowire arrays with different sizes and 6.8 wt% x 9.9 wt% were fabricated in an anodic aluminum oxide film by electrodeposition. Transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer, X-ray diffraction spectrometer and vibrating sample magnetometer are employed to st...

An ion source which utilizes a beam of monoenergetic electrons as the ionizing agent was designed and built for use in a 60° sector general utility mass spectrometer. The source was made to be used without a magnetic field to collimate the electron beam. The source is interchangeable with a surface ionization source that was already utilized in the mass spectrometer. Various operating character...