This research presents 3D steady-state simulations of a skim milk spray drying process in counter-current configuration dryer. A two-phase flow involving gas and discrete phase is modeled using the Eulerian–Lagrangian model with two-way coupling between phases. The kinetics incorporated Reaction Engineering Approach. predictions are found to be accordance experimental temperature measurements m...

Numerical prediction of discharge parameters allows design a pressure-swirl atomizer in fast and cheap manner, yet it must provide reliable results for wide range geometries operating regimes. Many authors have used different numerical setups similar cases often concluded opposite suggestions on setup. This paper compares 2D (two-dimensional) axisymmetric, 3D (three-dimensional) periodic full m...

The current study focuses on comprehensive fuel spray modeling and its effects on chamber acoustics in combustion dynamics simulations. The fuel spray is modeled using an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach describing the atomizer internal flow, primary atomization, and secondary atomization processes. To anchor the fuel spray model, a series of experiments has been conducted on the fuel atomizer with...

It’s January, and an aluminum skiff glides slowly across the waters of an old, flooded railroad tunnel in northern Georgia. Its lone passenger is an atomizer, a machine commonly used to disperse air fresheners or mosquito repellents. Over the course of its half-hour journey through the 430-m tunnel, the atomizer sprays an aerosolized cocktail of antifungal compounds that drift up to the craggy ...

A novel method for preparing samples for use in MALDI-TOFMS (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry) is described. Seven hydrolysis products derived from nitrogen mustards and CHCA (alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) were selected as model compounds and the matrix, respectively. A capillary atomizer was used for evaporative and spray deposition of the samp...

The mechanism of volatile hydride generation (HG) and the formation of analyte atoms in the quartz cell atomizer used in the determination of hydride-forming elements (As, Bi, Ge, Pb, Sb, Sn, Te etc.) by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), have been critically reviewed. The nascent hydrogen mechanism failed to explain hydride generation under different experimental conditions when tetrahydrob...

INTRODUCTION Electronic vapor cigarettes (E-cigarettes) were created in 2003 as an alternative to traditional tobacco cigarettes. E-cigarettes have been available in the United States since 2006.1 The typical E-cigarette consists of a cartridge that contains liquid, an atomizer that heats the liquid (i.e. acts as a vaporizer), as well as a battery. The liquid contained within the cartridge cont...

Background: Reusable nasal-spray devices are frequently used in otolaryngologic examinations, and there is an increasing concern about the risk of cross-contamination from these devices. The aim of our study was to determine, by means of microbiologic analysis, the safety of a positivedisplacement or pump-type atomizer after multiple uses. Methods: A reusable nasal spray bottle, pump, and tips ...

Ensuring the correctness of multithreaded programs is difficult, due to the potential for unexpected interactions between concurrent threads. We focus on the fundamental non-interference property of atomicity and present a dynamic analysis for detecting atomicity violations. This analysis combines ideas from both Lipton’s theory of reduction and earlier dynamic race detectors such as Eraser. Ex...