The present paper analyzes the existence of a long-run relationship between the trade balance and exchange rate of Iran and South Korea by a new approach. It proposes an asymmetric co-integrating NARDL model by two positive and negative partial sum decompositions which can use mixed I (0) and I (1) variables by bounds testing approach. The proposed tests are based on calculated F –statistics an...

'Evergreening' is not a formal concept of patent law. It is best understood as a social idea used to refer to the myriad ways in which pharmaceutical patent owners utilise the law and related regulatory processes to extend their high rent-earning intellectual monopoly privileges, particularly over highly profitable (either in total sales volume or price per unit) 'blockbuster' drugs. Thus, whil...

Abstract The negotiation of the free trade agreement (FTA) between Australia and United Kingdom promised to integrate climate policies. As a leader Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) conference in Glasgow, UK seemed well-placed exert pressure Australia, country that was yet embrace target net zero emissions by 2050. This article asks whether FTA achieves this aim. It explai...

The rural communities in South Korea have faced serious challenges as the country has gradually opened the agricultural market and extended the conclusion of Free Trade Agreement with more and more countries. Moreover, due to the national socio-economic and political structures, South Korea has been undergoing the technological imbalance between rural and urban areas. In order to cope with thes...

Abstract Trade between India and China has been rising exponentially with a widening trade deficit for India, which raised alarm by businesses, some Indian parliamentarians have started accusing of unfair practices. Nevertheless, both countries intend to negotiate free arrangements them based on complementarity. This study examines how much reduction in due different preferential trading is fea...

The rural communities in South Korea have faced serious challenges as the country has gradually opened the agricultural market and extended the conclusion of Free Trade Agreement with more and more countries. Moreover, due to the national socio-economic and political structures, South Korea has been undergoing the technological imbalance between rural and urban areas. In order to cope with thes...

This article aims to examine the trade effects of the South Asian FTAs including regional and bilateral ones with a focus on Sri Lanka, by applying a gravity trade model as an analytical framework. The study specifically targets the following three FTAs: the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) enforced in 2006, the India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement (ISFTA) in 2001, and the Pakistan-Sri ...