The human immune system limits invasion of foreign organisms and eliminates foreign cells. Discrimination between self and foreign structures is essential in this process. Ability to recognize ‘‘self’’ and limit ‘‘auto’’-immune responses against selfantigens is defined as tolerance. In many situations, the mechanisms either inducing or maintaining tolerance are disrupted. This breakdown leads t...

OBJECTIVE Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1) is a rare, childhood onset disease caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is one of the three major disease components and is, to date, mainly explained by the presence of neutralizing auto-antibodies against cytokines [interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22] from T helper 1...

The immune system is inextricably linked with many neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a devastating neuromuscular disorder affecting motor cell function with an average survival of 3 years from symptoms onset. In ALS, there is a dynamic interplay between the resident innate immune cells, that is, microglia and astrocytes, which may become progressively har...

Peripheral sensory stimulation (PSS) represents a new area of therapy for patients with neurological disorders. Grounded in strong basic science research, PSS carries potential promise the management multiple diseases. We reviewed literature regarding those conditions that represent reasonable targets treatment including stroke, Parkinson’s disease, traumatic brain injury, and auto-immune, infl...

BACKGROUND Auto-antibodies with specificity to self-antigens have been implicated in a wide variety of neurological diseases, including Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's diseases, being sensitive indicators of neurodegeneration and focus for disease prevention. Of particular interest are the studies focused on the auto-immune responses to amyloidogenic proteins associated with diseases and their...

Nephritis remains the most common severe manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus in which auto-antibodies mediate chronic inflammation and kidney damage. cAMP-phosphodiesterases regulate sodium excretion various tissues. How cAMP elevation can reduce suppress damage elusive. PDE4 signaling metabolism were investigated along immune complex depositions target tissues (histology). SLE diseas...

autoimmunity and viral infections are closely associated fields, and viruses have been proposed as a likely aetiological, contributory or triggering factors of systemic autoimmune diseases. hepatitis c virus seems to be the virus usually associated with the appearance of autoimmune diseases, and the relationship between chronic hepatitis c virus infection and some autoimmune disease has been st...

background: immune thrombocytopenic purpura (itp) is an autoimmune disease that can cause bleeding disorders in patients, and presents in acute and chronic forms. the acute form is frequently seen in children, but the chronic form mainly inflicts adults. there are differences and similarities in clinical and laboratory findings of the disease between children and adults. we study these differen...