The high percentage of disease-discordant pairs of monozygotic twins demonstrates the central role of environmental factors in the etiology of autoimmune diseases. Efforts were first focussed on the search for triggering factors. The study of animal models has clearly shown that infections may trigger autoimmune diseases, as in the case of Coxsackie B4 virus in type I diabetes and the encephalo...

Bullous autoimmune skin diseases, characterized by the formation of bullae or vesicles, are divided into two groups dependent on the location of clefts and the formation of bullae within the skin. In the pemphigus group of diseases the vesicles form intradermally; in pemphigoid the clefts occur at the dermal epidermal junction. The primary lesion of pemphigus is acantholysis in which the epider...

Introduction: Leptin, an anti-obesity hormone, is also a regulator of the immune response whichsends important signals regarding the metabolic status and immune system function. Thishormone/cytokine can affect the secretion of acute phase proteins such as Interleukin-1 and TNF-αand facilitate communication between nutrition and Th1 immune response so that when the foodintake...

Background: Chronic liver diseases whatever their etiologies could be associated with immunological disturbances. Objectives: Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of autoimmune chronic diseases. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis data from consecutive patients followed in our department for recruited January 2010 December 2019. Demographic, clinical, paraclinic...