UML-B is a ’UML-like’ graphical front end for Event-B. It adds support for object oriented modeling concepts while visually retaining the Event-B modeling concepts. In the continuity of the work on UML-B, we strengthen its refinement concepts. Development in Event-B is done through refinements of an abstract model. Since Event-B is reflected in UML-B, the abstraction-refinement concepts must al...

Digitization is the process of converting information into a digital format. The economy that is based on digital computing technologies is known as Digital Economy. The digital economy is also sometimes called the Internet Economy or Web Economy. Right now, in most of the countries, inside the people’s wallet, they probably have a couple of credit cards, an identification card, automatic telle...

We give an outline history of the development of Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs). Most of these systems still use a combination of magnetic strip card and personal identification number (PIN) to identify users. We examine a number of threats to the current ways of managing PINs, and outline some options for designers wishing to create more secure systems in the future.