During the last decade the number of reported outbreaks caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in domestic poultry has drastically increased. At the same time, low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) strains, such as H9N2 in many parts of the Middle East and Asia and H6N2 in live bird markets in California, have become endemic. Each AI outbreak brings the concomitant possibility of po...

In early 2007, H2N3 influenza virus was isolated from a duck and a chicken in two separate poultry flocks in Ohio. Since the same subtype influenza virus with hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) genes of avian lineage was also identified in a swine herd in Missouri in 2006, the objective of this study was to characterize and compare the genetic, antigenic, and biologic properties of the avi...

  Avian Influenza (AI) is a viral respiratory disease of domestic and wild birds. In the diagnostic laboratory, it is essential to have methods for rapid detection of avian respiratory viruses. Cloacal swabs collected from chickens experimentally infected with H9 subtype AI virus, used in a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for detection of AI. In infected animals, ...

Avian influenza is caused by influenza viruses such as the influenza A virus. In 1997 in Hong Kong, the avian influenza viruses were found to cross the species barrier to infect human beings and cause respiratory illness and death. H5N1 viruses later reemerged in Asia with human cases of infection, of which more than 50% were fatal. We proposed to genetically engineer naturally occurring bacter...

Avian (AIV) and equine influenza virus (EIV) have been repeatedly shown to circulate among Mongolia's migrating birds or domestic horses. In 2009, 439 Mongolian adults, many with occupational exposure to animals, were enrolled in a prospective cohort study of zoonotic influenza transmission. Sera were drawn upon enrollment and again at 12 and 24 months. Participants were contacted monthly for 2...

Transfer of influenza A viruses from animal hosts to man may lead to the emergence of new human pandemic strains. The early detection and identification of such events are therefore paramount in the surveillance of influenza viruses. To detect and partially characterize influenza A viruses from different animal species, a combined reverse transcription (RT)-PCR heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA)...

BACKGROUND Swine have receptors for both human and avian influenza viruses and are a natural host for influenza A viruses. The 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic (H1N1pdm) virus that was derived from avian, human and swine influenza viruses has infected pigs in various countries. OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between the H1N1pdm viruses isolated from piggery outbreaks in Australia a...

background: the h9n2 subtype of influenza a viruses is considered to be widespread in poultry industry. adamantane is a group of antiviral agents which is effective both in prevention and treatment of influenza a virus infections. these drugs inhibit m2 protein ion channel which has role on viral replication. objectives: the main objective of this study is to evaluate m gene of avian influenza ...

Avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype pose a serious global health threat due to the high mortality (>60%) associated with the disease caused by these viruses and the lack of protective antibodies to these viruses in the general population. The factors that enable avian H5N1 influenza viruses to replicate in humans are not completely understood. Here we use a high-throughput screening app...