This paper presents ALBA-R, a protocol for converge casting in wireless sensor networks. ALBA-R features the crosslayer integration of geographic routing with contention-based MAC for relay selection and load balancing (ALBA), as well as a mechanism to detect and route around connectivity holes (Rainbow). ALBA and Rainbow (ALBA-R) together solve the problem of routing around a dead end without ...

Mangrove ecosystem is one of the unique ecosystems that has high productivity and it grows along coast Aceh Province, Indonesia. The mangrove vegetation in Tamiang District was decreasing due to human exploitation i.e. stems utilized by local communities become charcoal firewood. These activities have a negative impact on live growth vegetation. Therefore, purposes study are analyses important ...

Three new iridoid glucosides, 10-O-[(E)-cinnamoyl]-geniposidic acid, 10-O-[(E)-p-coumaroyl]-geniposidic acid, 10-O-[(E)-caffeoyl]-geniposidic acid and the known iridoid glucoside, 2'-O-[(E)-cinnamoyl]-mussaenosidic acid have been isolated from Avicennia marina. The structures were determined primarily by NMR spectroscopy. The assignment of NMR signals was performed by means of 1H-1H COSY, HMQC ...

Mangroves have an important role in mitigation and a significant contribution to the wealth of macrofauna. The success mangrove management has significantly affected diversity macrofauna which are associated biota. research objectives were investigate composition mangroves mollusc communities, ecological conditions waters, evidence ecosystem services mitigation. data sources faunal, ecological,...

Nos últimos tempos, as florestas de mangal tem sido alvos distúrbios naturais e antrópicos, destacando-se actividades humanas como principais responsáveis pela degradação destes ecossistemas. Nesse contexto, o estudo teve objectivo, analisar antrópicas nas em Macuse, no centro Moçambique, através da identificação das que levam a sua degradação, descrição finalidades consequências dessas activid...

Avicennia and Rhizophora are globally occurring mangrove genera with different traits that place them in different parts of the intertidal zone. It is generally accepted that the oxidizing capacity of Avicennia roots is larger than that of Rhizophora roots, which initiates more reduced conditions in the soil below the latter genus. We hypothesize that the more reduced conditions beneath Rhizoph...

1. Although colour polymorphisms are a widespread and conspicuous component of extant biodiversity, the selective pressures that act to maintain multiple morphs within populations remain poorly understood in most cases. In particular, the role that visual system limitations may play in maintaining multiple colour morphs is not well explored. 2. We used a female-limited colour polymorphism commo...

Host specialization in highly diverse tropical forests may be limited by the low local abundance of suitable hosts. To address whether or not fungi in a low-diversity tropical forest were released from this restriction, fruiting bodies of polypore basidiomycete fungi were collected from three species of mangroves (Avicennia germinans, Laguncularia racemosa, and Rhizophora mangle) in a Caribbean...

The effects of copper toxicity on the photosynthetic activities of Avicennia germinans was investigated using two CuSO4 concentrations (0.062 and 0.33 M) added in Hoagland's solution in an aerated hydroponic system. Photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured after 30 h of copper stress. Results obtained in this study show that increasing levels of Cu(+2) of 0.062 and 0.33 M Cu(+2...