In complex neural circuits of the brain, massive information is processed with neuronal communication through synaptic transmissions. It is thus fundamental to delineate information flows encoded by various kinds of transmissions. Here, we show that glutamate signals from two distinct sensory neurons bidirectionally affect the same postsynaptic interneuron, thereby producing the opposite behavi...

In this paper, we present a block of adaptive weight change (AWC) mechanism for analog current-mode Kohonen's Neural Network (KNN) implemented in CMOS 0.18 μm technology. As some other essential building blocks of KNNs dealing with the calculations of the Euclidean distance, formation of a conscience mechanism and a determination of the winner-takes-all (WTA) circuits have been already develope...

Aerosol water content (AWC) significantly affects secondary aerosol formation and atmospheric visibility. Most ambient AWC values are obtained from models because the direct measurement is challenging. In this study, sequential aerosol-water system (SAWMS) was applied to measure at Xiaogang (XG) air-quality monitoring site of Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA), located in an ...

Diversification of neuron classes is essential for functions of the olfactory system, but the underlying mechanisms that generate individual olfactory neuron types are only beginning to be understood. Here we describe a role of the highly conserved HMG-box transcription factor SOX-2 in postmitotic specification and alternative differentiation of the Caenorhabditis elegans AWC and AWB olfactory ...

The Gi/Go-like G alpha protein ODR-3 is strongly and selectively implicated in the function of C. elegans olfactory and nociceptive neurons. Either loss of odr-3 function or overexpression of odr-3 causes severe olfactory defects, and odr-3 function is essential in the ASH neurons that sense noxious chemical and mechanical stimuli. In the nociceptive neurons, ODR-3 may interact with OSM-9, a ch...

Ortmann, Steffen, IHP, Germany, [email protected] Biswas, Dwaipayan, University of Southampton, UK, [email protected] Cranny, Andy, University of Southampton, UK, [email protected] Maharatna, Koushik, University of Southampton, UK, [email protected] Achner, Josy, Berlin-Brandenburg-Klinik, Germany, [email protected] Klemke, Jasmin, Berlin-Brandenburg-Klini...

In this study, the effects of fertigation with different pH and EC level on soil physical properties such as aggregate formation (AF), stability (AS) available water content (AWC) were investigated. single crop tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, Anıt F1) was grown under cover for two consecutive years. A total six applications (F1: 7.2/EC 2.0; F2: 3.5; F3: 6.5/EC F4: F5: 5.0/EC 2.0 F6: 3.5) created,...

The response mechanism of ecosystem respiration (Re) and soil (Rs) to different water conditions is great significance for understanding the carbon cycle under future changes in precipitation patterns. We used seven treatments investigate effects on Re Rs a typical alpine steppe Northern Tibet. Precipitation was captured relocated simulate rates −25, −50, −75, 0 (CK), +25, +50, +75%. moisture i...

We need measurements of soil water retention (SWR) and available capacity (AWC) to assess model functions, but methods are time-consuming expensive. Our aim here was investigate the modelling AWC SWR with visible–near-infrared spectra (vis–NIR) machine-learning method cubist. used soils from 54 locations across Australian agricultural regions, three depths: 0–15 cm, 15–30 cm 30–60 cm. The volum...

We introduce Grid-based SensorDCSP, a geometrically structured benchmark problem for the study of distributed CSP algorithms. This domain provides realistic structure of the communication and tracking constraints. We formally define this problem, and perform its worst-case complexity analysis. Likewise, we provide an average case empirical analysis of the AWC algorithm, studying its behavior on...