The Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) provides a regularly updated, global database that currently contains over 868,000 scientific names and their hierarchy. program exists to communicate comprehensive taxonomy of species across 7 kingdoms enables biodiversity information be discovered, indexed, connected all human endeavors. ITIS partners with taxonomists experts the world assemb...

Abstract Redundancy needs more precise characterization as it is a major factor in the evolution and robustness of networks multivariate interactions. We investigate complexity such interactions by inferring connection transitivity that includes all possible measures path length for weighted graphs. The result, without breaking graph into smaller components, distance backbone subgraph sufficien...

A backbone is a subset of sensors that is sufficient for performing assigned tasks. The exact definition depends on the task or the particular desirable properties of a backbone. We discuss two specific kinds of backbones, neighbor and area dominating sets, that we believe are the essential and perhaps only backbones required for sensor networks. A sensor is covered by a backbone if it is in th...

The construction of backbone is a fundamental problem in sensor networks. As being critical to routing, data fusion and query broadcasting, the backbone should contain as fewer nodes as possible. Meanwhile, it also should be power-efficient in order to prolong its lifetime. In this paper, we propose a novel design of backbone for sensor networks by minimizing its total transmission cost. We ter...

The weighted Maximum Satisfiability problem (weighted MAX-SAT) is a NP-hard problem with numerous applications arising in artificial intelligence. As an efficient tool for heuristic design, the backbone has been applied to heuristics design for many NP-hard problems. In this paper, we investigated the computational complexity for retrieving the backbone in weighted MAX-SAT. We showed that it is...