Levelling is the most precise technique for height difference measurements in geomatics engineering. Various systematic errors affect precise levelling observations and reduce the precision of the observed height differences. This study investigates digital levels residual compensator error and observational method for its elimination. For this purpose the levelling data, which was collected wi...

When differential-algebraic equations of index 3 or higher are solved with backward differentiation formulas, the solution can have gross errors in the first few steps, even if the initial values are equal to the exact solution and even if the stepsize is kept constant. This raises the question of what are consistent initial values for the difference equations. Here we study how to change the e...

A method of fault tracking for relay protection devices is presented in this paper. Fault means that after the failure devices, anomalies and warning information are obtained through data-mining technology, then, algorithm used to find cause failure. Let us take microcomputer as an example: Firstly, common symptoms prior probability causes can be collected empirical field data. Then, concept ev...

Kemiskinan merupakan suatu masalah global yang dihadapai diberbagai negara, termasuk Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor memberingan pengaruh pada tingkat kemiskinan di Indonesia dengan melihat pengelompokkan itu sendiri. Data digunakan adalah data ada website badan pusat statistik dan bappenas tahun 2021 model regresi logistik ordinal. Metode backward elimination memili...

which is uniform with respect to λ > 0. Recall that we showed that this stability estimate is preserved by the implicit Euler method. However, the explicit Euler method is only stable provided that ∆t < 2/λ, so its stability is not uniform in λ. One consequence is that it is less efficient to compute with the explicit Euler method over long time intervals. Note that in this example, we also hav...

Abstract. In this paper, a linearized backward Euler method is discussed for the equations of motion arising in the Oldroyd model of viscoelastic fluids. Some new a priori bounds are obtained for the solution under realistically assumed conditions on the data. Further, the exponential decay properties for the exact as well as the discrete solutions are established. Finally, a priori error estim...

We consider the stochastic Allen-Cahn equation perturbed by smooth additive Gaussian noise in a spatial domain with smooth boundary in dimension d ≤ 3, and study the semidiscretization in time of the equation by an implicit Euler method. We show that the method converges pathwise with a rate O(∆tγ) for any γ < 1 2 . We also prove that the scheme converges uniformly in the strong Lp-sense but wi...

The Hong’s modified histogram shifting method is best method of reversible watermarking. But Hong’s modified histogram method is not suitable for cartoon images. Our improved backward histogram shifting method overcome drawback of Hong’s method. Generally PSNR decreases when embedding capacity increases. But our improved backward histogram shifting method gives more embedding capacity and high ...

‎In this paper a nonlinear backward parabolic problem in one‎ ‎dimensional space is considered‎. ‎Using a suitable iterative‎ ‎algorithm‎, ‎the problem is converted to a linear backward parabolic‎ ‎problem‎. ‎For the corresponding problem‎, ‎the backward finite‎ ‎differences method with suitable grid size is applied‎. ‎It is shown‎ ‎that if the coefficients satisfy some special conditions‎, ‎th...