DNA (short for deoxyribonucleic acid)—The material containing the genetic instructions used in development and function of an organism. DNA is arranged in double helix–shaped strands. Gene—A segment of DNA that carries a blueprint for the function of a cell and, ultimately, a particular characteristic of an organism. Chromosome—A structure containing a complete strand of DNA. Chromosomes functi...

BACKGROUND A novel avian-origin influenza A(H7N9) caused a major outbreak in Mainland China in early 2013. Exposure to live poultry was believed to be the major route of infection. There are limited data on how the general public changes their practices regarding live poultry exposure in response to the early outbreak of this novel influenza and the frequency of population exposure to live poul...

Human infections with H5, H7, and H9 avian influenza viruses are well documented. Exposure to poultry is the most important risk factor for humans becoming infected with these viruses. Data on human infection with other low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses is sparse but suggests that such infections may occur. Lebanon is a Mediterranean country lying under two major migratory birds flyways...

The backyard is an agroecosystem located near the home and fulf ills several functions provides various services; in addition, one third of Rural Production Units Tlaxcala have this agroecosystem. In mexican state Tlaxcala, México, primary sector that contributes least to gross domestic product; it divided into 60 municipalities 66% its territory used for agricultural, livestock forestry activi...

Materials and Methods The poultry industry in India has undergone a paradigm shift, from backyard venture before the 1960s to vibrant intensive agribusiness, growing at around 8 to 10% annually over the last decade. This fast growing industry is currently facing issues regarding waste management. Accumulation of large amount of wastes is one of the major problems, posing serious challenge to th...

Highly pathogenic A/H5N1 avian influenza (HPAI H5N1) viruses have seriously affected the Nigerian poultry industry since early 2006. Previous studies have identified multiple introductions of the virus into Nigeria and several reassortment events between cocirculating lineages. To determine the spatial, evolutionary, and population dynamics of the multiple H5N1 lineages cocirculating in Nigeria...

Influenza A (H5N1) is endemic in poultry across much of Southeast Asia, but limited information exists on the distinctive features of the few human cases. In Thailand, we instituted nationwide surveillance and tested respiratory specimens by polymerase chain reaction and viral isolation. From January 1 to March 31, 2004, we reviewed 610 reports and identified 12 confirmed and 21 suspected cases...

We conducted phylogenetic and epidemiologic analyses to determine sources of outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV), subtype H5N1, in poultry holdings in 2007 in Germany, and a suspected incursion of HPAIV into the food chain through contaminated deep-frozen duck carcasses. In summer 2007, HPAIV (H5N1) outbreaks in 3 poultry holdings in Germany were temporally, spatially, ...

Flies were collected by sweep net from the vicinity of two small groups of "backyard" poultry (10-20 chickens per group) that had been identified as infected with exotic Newcastle disease virus (family Paramyxoviridae, genus avulavirus, ENDV) in Los Angeles County, CA, during the 2002-2003 END outbreak. Collected flies were subdivided into pools and homogenized in brain-heart infusion broth wit...