Binary factor analysis (BFA, also known as Boolean Factor Analysis) is a nonhierarchical analysis of binary data, based on reduction of binary space dimension. It allows us to find hidden relationships in binary data, which can be used for data compression, data mining, or intelligent data comparison for information retrieval. Unfortunately, we can’t effectively use classical (i.e. non-binary) ...

Exchange factors for ARF GTPases (ARF-GEFs) regulate vesicle trafficking in a variety of organisms. The Arabidopsis protein GNOM is a brefeldin A (BFA) sensitive ARF-GEF that is required for the proper polar localization of PIN1, a candidate transporter of the plant hormone auxin. Mutations in GNOM lead to developmental defects that resemble those caused by interfering with auxin transport. Bot...

Recent studies using the fungal metabolite brefeldin A (BFA) have provided important insights into the dynamics and the organization of the ER/Golgi membrane system. Here we examined the effect of BFA on the functional integrity of the distal part of the secretory pathway, i.e., transport between trans-Golgi cisternae and the cell surface. To assay export via the constitutive pathway, we follow...

O bserving a step backward brought Jon Yewdell a big step forward in understanding protein traffi cking pathways in the cell. As a newly minted assistant professor at the Wistar Institute, Yewdell was examining where in the cell the infl uenza A virus (IAV) hemagglutin (HA) trimerized. Using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specifi c for monomers or trimers, he had found by 1985 that monomers local...

Brefeldin A (BFA) was shown in earlier studies of numerous cell types to inhibit secretion, induce enzymes of the Golgi stacks to redistribute into the ER, and to cause the Golgi cisternae to disappear. Here, we demonstrate that the PtKt line of rat kangaroo kidney cells is resistant to BFA. The drug did not disrupt the morphology of the Golgi complex in PtKt cells, as judged by immunofluoresce...

The release of a 110-kD peripheral membrane protein from the Golgi apparatus is an early event in brefeldin A (BFA) action, preceding the movement of Golgi membrane into the ER. ATP depletion also causes the reversible redistribution of the 110-kD protein from Golgi membrane into the cytosol, although no Golgi disassembly occurs. To further define the effects of BFA on the association of the 11...

This work describes the application of the Baars-Franklin Architecture (BFA), an artificial consciousness approach, to synthesize a mind (a control system) for an artificial creature. The BFA was reported in the literature as a successful control system to different kinds of agents: CMattie, IDA and CTS. In this paper, BFA is for the first time applied for controlling an artificial (virtual) cr...

A novel hybrid strategy combining a spiral dynamic algorithm (SDA) and bacterial foraging (BFA) is presented in this article. model incorporated into the chemotaxis of BFA to enhance capability exploration exploitation phases both SDA with aim improve fitness accuracy for convergence speed as well BFA. The proposed tested Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2013 (CEC2013) benchmark functions, ...

BACKGROUND The terminal phase of cytokinesis in eukaryotic cells involves breakage of the intercellular canal containing the spindle midzone and resealing of the daughter cells. Recent observations suggest that the spindle midzone is required for this process. In this study, we investigated the possibility that targeted secretion in the vicinity of the spindle midzone is required for the execut...

ADP-ribosylation is a posttranslational modification that modulates the functions of many target proteins. We previously showed that the fungal toxin brefeldin A (BFA) induces the ADP-ribosylation of C-terminal-binding protein-1 short-form/BFA-ADP-ribosylation substrate (CtBP1-S/BARS), a bifunctional protein with roles in the nucleus as a transcription factor and in the cytosol as a regulator o...