Moral choice is often discussed in the context of conforming to religious norms, with immoral behavior explained as a consequence of imperfect indoctrination or a lack of control and dissuasion mechanisms by the church and other institutions that promote moral concepts. Our findings point in a different direction: moral choice in sexual matters seems to be the result of an equation that relates...

Scientific Biography in 1989. Nevertheless, it is an important contribution. As the time is not yet ripe for a detailed biography, we need books on single aspects of Ehrlich's life. His papers, held at the Rockefeller Archive Center in New York, contain a lot of material that needs to be considered. Thus, in spite of its shortcomings, Silverstein's book is important as it gives a rich and detai...

Petr Hájek is a renowned Czech logician, whose record in mathematical logic spans half a century. His results leave a permanent imprint in all of his research areas, which can be roughly delimited as set theory, arithmetic, fuzzy logic and reasoning under uncertainty, and information retrieval; some of his results have enjoyed successful applications. He has, throughout his career, worked at th...

Living in poverty places children at very high risk for problems across a variety of domains, including schooling, behavioral regulation, and health. Aspects of cognitive functioning, such as information processing, may underlie these kinds of problems. How might poverty affect the brain functions underlying these cognitive processes? Here, we address this question by observing and analyzing re...

T he processing of visual information by the brain is a complex task. Identifying the neural mechanisms that underlie visual perception and vision-based decision-making has been the research focus of William T. Newsome over the past 30 years. Elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2000, Newsome explains that ‘‘perceptual experience is constructed from streams of action potentials’’ in t...

........................................................................................................................................................ 2 Biography ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements .................................................................

Biography creation requires the identification of important events in the life of the individual in question. While there are events such as birth and death that apply to everyone, most of the other activities tend to be occupation-specific. Hence, occupation gives important clues as to which activities should be included in the biography. We present techniques for automatically identifying whi...

Writing in 1932, Dr. Raymond Molinéry described the renowned French physician Pierre-François Olive Rayer (1793–1867) as having had the misfortune to have been born and to have lived through tempestuous times, when intrigue and violent uprisings were happy bed-fellows. It would seem appropriate then, before setting out details of the life and professional achievements of this ‘‘good, gentle, af...

H aving little background in biology has not hindered Erin K. O’Shea, professor of biochemistry and biophysics at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) and assistant investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Trained primarily as a biophysical chemist, O’Shea has made her mark in several disciplines. As a graduate student, she made a significant contribution in her deli...

I n 1635, at the founding of Connecticut, there were no physicians in the state. The native Americans had their shamans, and the first colonists relied on their most educated men, the ministers of the churches. The era of the cleric-physician endured through colonial times. These individuals, with their degrees in divinity, their intellects, their libraries, and the respect of their followers, ...