Marine shelf diversity patterns correlate with macroecological features of basic importance that may play causal roles in macroevolution. We have investigated the global diversity pattern of living Bivalvia, which is dominated by the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), maintained by high tropical origination rates. Generic-level lineages expand poleward, chiefly through speciation, so that sp...

Specimens of four species Bivalvia not previously recorded from Iraq were discovered. These are Didimacar tenebrica, Aspidopholas obtecta, Neotrapezium sublaevigatum, and Barbatia trapezina which belong to the Noetiidae, Pholadidae, Trapezidae Arcidae families, respectively. All specimens collected alive intertidal zone northwest Persian-Arabian Gulf, Iraq, in Fao region. Although these widespr...

The end-Permian mass extinction constituted the most devastating biotic crisis of the Phanerozoic. Its aftermath was characterized by harsh marine conditions incorporating volcanically induced oceanic warming, widespread anoxia and acidification. Bio-productivity accordingly experienced marked fluctuations. In particular, low palaeolatitude hard substrate communities from shallow seas fringing ...

Natural disturbances along with human interference make the tropical estuaries amongst the most disturbed areas globally. In spite of this, information on the seasonal variability of macrofauna from tropical estuaries is few. Temporal variability of macrofaunal community from Mormugao Bay, Zuari estuary, on the west coast of India was examined from 2003 to 2004 at seven stations. Environmental ...

Evolutionary histories of species and lineages can influence their vulnerabilities to extinction, but the importance of this effect remains poorly explored for extinctions in the geologic past. When analyzed using a standardized taxonomy within a phylogenetic framework, extinction rates of marine bivalves estimated from the fossil record for the last approximately 200 million years show conserv...

This study aims to determine the composition and abundance of mollusks (Gastropods Bivalves) in Aek Pala River, Labuhanbatu Regency. The method used is purposive random sampling. Sampling was carried out using a net source. results showed that Gastropod groups found were Pachychilidae, Ampullaridae, Littorinidae, Nassaridae, Thiaridae, Hydrobiidae, Tateidae, Spiraxidae, Vivipararidae Batillarii...