BACKGROUND The increasing incidence of obesity and the wider acceptance of laparoscopic surgery, have lead to a 10-fold increase in bariatric operations in the last 10 years. Widely used indices of obesity (weight and body mass index - BMI) cannot adequately distinguish between fat mass (FM), represented by the sum of kilograms (kg) of lipid, and fat-free mass (FFM), inclusive of lean (kg of pr...

BACKGROUND With the rapid increase in obesity rates, determining critical periods for weight gain and the effects of changes in fat mass is imperative. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in body weight and composition over the holiday season (Thanksgiving through New Year's) in male and female college students. METHODS Subjects completed three visits: the first occurred within 2...

Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) swim in the labriform mode at low speeds, generating lift and thrust by beating their pectoral fins. The maximal power output available from the two largest pectoral fin adductor and abductor muscles, constituting half of the total pectoral girdle muscle mass, was measured in vitro and used to estimate the muscle mechanical power output during maximal labr...

UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Only protein diet has been used successfully to prevent loss of lean body mass first in post-surgical and then in obese patients. We studied overweight and obese patients receiving short treatments of an exclusively protein-based nutritional solution as 24-hour enteral infusion. METHODS 19,036 patients (age 44.3 ± 13, M:F = 2:5) with an initial body mass index of 36.5...

CONTEXT Impairments in the pituitary-gonadal axis with aging are associated with loss of muscle mass and function and accumulation of upper body fat. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that physiological supplementation with testosterone and GH together improves body composition and muscle performance in older men. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS One hundred twenty-two community-dwelling...

Background: Mammalian herbivores produce methane during digestion. Questions: Do ruminants (such as bovids) produce more methane during digestion than do equids (non-ruminants)? What are the effects of allometric scaling of methane production when different species feed on similar diets? Methods: From the literature, we collected a set of data on methane production (litres ·day) of ruminants (b...

PURPOSE The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of 6 wk of oral creatine supplementation during a periodized program of arm flexor strength training on arm flexor IRM, upper arm muscle area, and body composition. METHODS Twenty-three male volunteers with at least 1 yr of weight training experience were assigned in a double blind fashion to two groups (Cr, N = 10; Placebo,...

The effects of higher levels of chromium alone, and in combination with copper, were investigated in broiler chicks divided into seven equal groups. Group G served as control, receiving no treatment. Groups A, B and F received chromium chloride at a rate of 2 g/kg and nicotinic acid 150 mg/kg, while groups C, D and E received chromium chloride 8 mg/kg and nicotinic acid 150 mg/kg. Broilers in g...

Ponderal somatograms assessed body composition in four groups of Division III collegiate football players: offensive line (OL), defensive line (DL), offensive backs (OB), and defensive backs (DB). Ponderal somatograms evaluate body size and shape by converting muscular (shoulders, chest, biceps, forearm, thigh, and calf) and nonmuscular (abdomen, hips, knee, ankle, and wrist) girths into ponder...

1. Body composition was assessed in 28 healthy subjects (body mass index 20-28 kg/m2) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, deuterium dilution, densitometry, 40K counting and four prediction methods (skinfold thickness, bioelectrical impedance, near-i.r. interactance and body mass index). Three- and four-component models of body composition were constructed from combinations of the reference met...