BACKGROUND Bovine parainfluenza 3 viruses (BPI3V) are respiratory pathogens of cattle that cause disease singly but are often associated with bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) in conjunction with other viral and bacterial agents. Bovine vaccines currently contain BPI3V to provide protection against the virus, but there is no current information regarding the BPI3V strains that are circu...

The bovine paranasal sinuses are a group of complex cavernous air-filled spaces, lined by respiratory epithelium, the exact function of which is unclear. While lesions affecting these sinuses are occasionally reported in cattle, their microbial flora has not been defined. Furthermore, given that the various bacterial and viral pathogens causing bovine respiratory disease (BRD) persist within he...

Ninety Angus × Hereford calves were ranked by sex, BW, and age and assigned to 1 of 3 vaccination schemes against the bovine respiratory disease complex: 1) vaccination at weaning (d 0) and a booster at feedlot entry (d 30; CON; = 30), 2) vaccination 15 d before weaning (d -15) and a booster 15 d before feedlot entry (d 15; EARLY; = 30), and 3) vaccination 15 d after weaning (d 15) and a booste...

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), a member of the Pestivirus genus, is an important viral pathogen of cattle that causes fatal diarrhoea syndrome, respiratory problems and reproductive failure. The objective of this study was Sera antibody detection against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) through ELISA method in sarabian dairy cows. In this study about 84 complete blood samples from appar...

UNLABELLED Influenza D virus (FLUDV) is a novel influenza virus that infects cattle and swine. The goal of this study was to investigate the replication and transmission of bovine FLUDV in guinea pigs. Following direct intranasal inoculation of animals, the virus was detected in nasal washes of infected animals during the first 7 days postinfection. High viral titers were obtained from nasal tu...

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) infection is widespread and causes a variety of diseases. Although similar in many respects to the human immune response to human herpesvirus 1, the differences in the bovine virus proteins, immune system components and strategies, physiology, and lifestyle mean the bovine immune response to BHV-1 is unique. The innate immune system initially responds to infection, ...

Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is a multifactorial of cattle which presents as bacterial and viral pneumonia. The causative agents BRDC work in synergy to suppress the host immune response increase colonisation lower tracts by pathogenic bacteria. Environmental stress and/or infection predispose secondary infections via suppression key innate adaptive mechanisms. This allows bacteria...

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is caused by Bovine Herpes Virus-1(BHV-1), a member of the genus Varicellovirus in the sub-family Alphaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae and order Herpesvirales. Virions are enveloped and variably sized (approximately120–250 nm in diameter), containing an icosahedral nucleocapsid composed of 162 capsomers. Genome is linear double-stranded DNA, 125–290 k...

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 (BVDV-1) is strongly associated with several important diseases of cattle, such as bovine respiratory disease, diarrhoea and haemoragic lesions. To date many subgenotypes have been reported for BVDV-1, currently ranging from subgenotype 1a to subgenotype 1u. While BVDV-1 has a world-wide distribution, the subgenotypes have a more restricted geographical distributi...