Background: Breast cancer is the malignancy in humans and other mammals. Several risk factors are involved in their appearance such as higher hormone levels and obesity. Identification of a mouse mammary tumor virus supports a viral etiology for breast tumors in animals. Viruses have been implicated in the development of various cancers, but viral induction for formation breast cancer is contro...

Carcinoma arising from ectopic breast tissue, either supernumerary breast or aberrant breast tissue, is extremely rare. Carcinoma occurs more frequently in the ectopic breast tissue of the axilla than in extra-axillary ectopic breast tissue. Here we report a case of an invasive lobular carcinoma arising from extra-axillary ectopic breast tissue and presenting as a subcutaneous nodule.

background: breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, particularly in iran. there are many genomic and molecular factors that cause the occurrence of breast cancer. many markers are associated with tumor invasiveness. matrix metalloproteinase includes a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that degrade various components of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane. ...

background: contralateral axillary metastasis (cam) is a rare entity in patients with breast cancer which can occur during the primary breast cancer or its follow-up. different treatment modalities include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, but there is no agreement on them. in our review, we found 12 series with available data, 82 patients with synchronous or metachronous contralateral a...

Metastatic breast cancer is one of the most common metastatic tumors. Although studies have validated the role of β-inducible gene-h3 (βig-h3) in human biology and disease, the detailed mechanisms mediated by βig-h3 in breast carcinoma metastasis remain unclear. Thus, the present study investigated the role and potential mechanism of βig-h3 during breast carcinoma cell metastasis. The results i...

Background & Objective: Ki-67 evaluation is an essential tool to define luminal A and B breast cancers, which is not yet systematized. The International Ki67 in Breast Cancer Working Group suggests the counting of 500 or 1000 cancer cells, which is a time-consuming process. Therefore, novel methods, such as the Eye-10 method and stepwise counting strategy, are proposed to facil...

Fat necrosis in breast is a rare benign condition, which can mimic carcinoma and Tuberculosis (TB) of both clinical radiological assessment. Histopathology such cases may distinguish granulomatous lesion from carcinoma, however granulomas are identified fat tuberculosis difficult to differentiate. often not associated with axillary lymph nodes, differentiate carcinoma. But high index suspicion ...

Abstract Hyperechogenic breast lesions are a relatively rare finding at ultrasonography and traditionally thought to be benign. However, hyperechogenicity on the ultrasound alone does not provide enough evidence rule out malignancy completely. We herein reported short series of nine cases echogenic malignant lesions, which include invasive ductal carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, lobular angiosarco...

Interpretation of F-FDG PET/CT studies in breast is challenging owing to nonspecific FDG uptake in various benign and malignant conditions. Benign conditions include breast changes in pregnancy and lactation, gynecomastia, mastitis, fat necrosis, fibroadenoma, intraductal papilloma, and atypical ductal hyperplasia. Among malignancies, invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma are...