This paper reports on a study of the way that people make decisions about the allocation of income between categories of expenditure, such as food, rent and leisure. The most common (economic) approach to formalising budgetary decision processes is deductive: a theory is proposed and its implications are then explored. However, it is also possible to develop formal models inductively and this i...

Although forty-nine states have balanced budget requirements, states still consistently face massive budgetary shortfalls. Many states face serious enforcement issues, leaving the states vulnerable to violations of their balanced budget requirements through budgetary manipulation and gimmicks. Although not easily resolved, these problems could be mitigated or settled entirely through the use of...

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Ties between physicians and pharmaceutical/medical device manufactures have received considerable attention. The Open Payments program, part of the Affordable Care Act, requires public reporting of payments to physicians from industry. We sought to describe payments from industry to physicians caring for children by (1) comparing payments to pediatricians to other medi...

Unfortunately, informal payments for health care are responsible for a considerable share of patients' out-of-pocket payments in Iran (1, 2). Almost all health care users and providers are familiar with such payments with the name of “under the table payments” in Iran (3). About half of Iranian health care seekers have faced with such payments at least one time during a year (2). Although the i...

background: health inequalitymonitoring especially in health care financing field is very important. hence, this study tends to assess the inequality in household's capacity to pay and out-of-pocket health carepaymentsin tehran metropolis. methods: this cross-sectional study was performed in 2013.thestudy population was selected by stratified cluster sampling, and they constitute the typic...

this study will provide detailed specification of those variables and determinants of unpredictable health expenditure in iran, and the requirements to reduce extensive effects of the factors affecting households' payments for health and other goods and services inappropriately.this study aims to identify measures of fair financing of health services and determinants of fair financing contribut...