The thermal conditions of a filament LED retro light bulb has been investigated. In such bulbs, LEDs are mounted on filaments which have glass or sapphire substrate and surrounded by yttrium-aluminium-garnet (YAG). Heat management is challenging as heatsink cannot normally be used. Instead, heat removal enabled using helium the filling gas. As this provides less efficient than attached directly...

and Applied Analysis 3 Figure 1: Parameter plane. Let us stress that the head and the body are surrounded by bulbs, of different sizes, that yield to the appearance of attractive cycles of different periods. In this paper, we focus on the study of all bulbs involving attractive cycles of period 2. As we see in the following sections, these attractive 2-cycles also appear in the small black figu...

FREDERICK W. CUBBAGE1, ROBERT R. DAVIS2, DIANA RODRÍGUEZ PAREDES2, RAMON MOLLENHAUER3, YOANNA KRAUS ELSIN3, GREGORY E. FREY4, IGNACIO A. GONZÁLEZ HERNÁNDEZ5, HUMBERTO ALBARRÁN HURTADO5, ANITA MERCEDES SALAZAR CRUZ5, and DIANA NACIBE CHEMOR SALAS5 1Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA 2World Bank, Latin America and the ...

The metabolism in vitro of [1-(14)C]linoleate, [1-(14)C]linolenate and their 9(S)-hydroperoxides in tulip (Tulipa gesneriana) was found to be under the control of 9-lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase, and directed towards alpha-ketol, gamma-ketol and the novel compound (12Z)-10-oxo-11-hydroxy-12-octadecadienoic acid (10,11-ketol). Potent activity of allene oxide cyclase (in bulbs) and a new...

The mechanism of dormancy and dormancy release in lily (Lilium spp.) bulbs is still incomplete and ambiguous. Based on a summary of dormancy characteristics, we review the effects of low temperature on dormancy release. This paper highlights the metabolic changes in carbohydrates, endogenous hormones, free amino acids and phenols during low temperature storage, and the key stages in dormancy re...

One of the standard applications of Independent Component Analysis (ICA) to EEG is removal of artifacts due to movements of the eye bulbs. Short blinks as well as slower saccadic movements are removed by subtracting respective independent components (ICs). EEG recorded from blind subjects poses special problems, since it shows a higher quantity of eye movements, which are also more irregular an...

A large difference was found in the activities of oligomycin-sensitive mitochondrial F0F1-ATPase isolated from different tissues of Lilium longiflorum plants. The enzyme activity of F0F1-ATPase in pollen was the highest, while that in bulbs was the lowest. When ATPases were cross-reconstituted from F1-ATPases and F1-depleted submitochondrial particles (SMP), ATPases reconstituted from F1-deplet...

pantoea ananatis is an important pathogen causing bacterial center rot in onion. isolated strains from onion soft rot bulbs based on morphological characteristics were tested for hypersensitivity reaction on tobacco. pathogenic strains underwent some biochemical tests which detected the presence of p. ananatis, based on rna16s sequencing, this result was confirmed. symptoms were reproduced by i...