In the EU, food is considered safe with regard to Listeria monocytogenes if its numbers do not exceed 100 CFU/g throughout the shelf-life of the food. Therefore, it is important to determine if a food supports growth of L. monocytogenes. Challenge studies to determine the ability of a food to support growth of L. monocytogenes are essential as predictive modelling often overestimates the growth...

Corrosion monitoring and early detection of pits and wall thinning for casing pipes are considerably important to gas and petroleum industries since the frequently occurring corrosion at the internal or external parts of those steel casing pipes used in underground gas storage or oil fields causes production and environmental protection problems. In this paper, a new version of the direct curre...

The article proposes to use grouting mixtures from industrial waste of steel manufacturing for casing blastholes. Its properties, defined in the course laboratory studies, are given. One main features proposed technology is production pipes directly hole using a cylindrical formwork moving along hole.

Fluid migration behind casings is a well integrity problem that can result in sustained casing pressure, undetected leaks to the environment, and potentially very difficult remediation attempts. Traditional methods for treating annular fluid are perf-and-squeeze cementing or section milling followed by recementing. The main disadvantage of former limited penetrability cement slurry into narrow ...

Oil well stimulation, usually done with hot solutions of hydrochloric acid, may induce severe corrosion attack on production tubing, downhole tools and casing. Inorganic, organic and combinations of acids along with surfactants are used in a variety of well stimulation treatments. To reduce the aggressive attack of the acid on tubing and casing materials (N80 steel), inhibitors are added to the...

The most prominent aspect of multiphase flow is the variation in the physical distribution of the phases in the flow conduit known as the flow pattern. Several different flow patterns can exist under different flow conditions which have significant effects on liquid holdup, pressure gradient and heat transfer. Gas-liquid two-phase flow in an annulus can be found in a variety of practical situat...

Ultra-deep oil and gas wells have become a new development trend in onshore exploitation. However, wellbore casing is with high failure risk due to the harsh environment. It essential evaluate reliability of casing. This paper assesses operational using data statistics numerical simulation. Firstly, theoretical model for analysis established, variables are determined, including rock mechanics, ...

Steam turbines consist essentially of a casing to which stationary blades are fixed on the inside and a rotor carrying moving blades on the periphery. The rotor is fitted inside the casing with the rows of moving blades penetrating between the rows of fixed blades. Thus steam flowing through the turbine passes alternately through fixed and moving blades with the fixed blades directing the steam...