Most of the first attempts to extraction causal relationship were tied with complex and manuallinguistic patterns, syntactic rules small datasets based on domain. This article examines paradigmof a non-statistical approach relationships, its basis, language constructs,patterns, classification relationships. The aim was study methods thisparadigm, determine their disadvantages, advantages, possi...

In the absence of randomized controlled and natural experiments, it is necessary to balance distributions (observable) covariates treated control groups in order obtain an unbiased estimate a causal effect interest; otherwise, different size may be estimated, incorrect recommendations given. To achieve this balance, there exist wide variety methods. particular, several methods based on optimiza...