Investing to optimally maximize the growth rate of wealth based on sequences of event outcomes has many information-theoretic interpretations. Namely, the mutual information characterizes the benefit of additional side information being available when making investment decisions [1] in settings where the probabilistic relationships between side information and event outcomes are known. Addition...

Financial crimes have become dominant in the contemporary business environment. It is one of most serious endangering a country's national security and public safety. directly associated with legal, social, human rights, political development issues. This research identifies causal factors professional traits forensic investigators investigation process expeditions based on Malaysian evidence. ...

Existing models of causal induction primarily rely on the contingency between the presence and the absence of a causal candidate and an effect. Yet, classification of observations into these four types of covariation data may not be straightforward because (a) most causal candidates, in real life, are continuous with ambiguous, intermediate values and because (b) effects may unfold after some t...

Process disturbances always spread along the connected equipment in a plant and are detected in many places. In order to identify the root disturbance, many data-based fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) methods have been developed in recent years. However, most of these methods can generate spurious solutions. Several authors have observed that FDD methods are enhanced if topology information ...

The paper presents an adaptable causal protocol (ADP) for very large group communication systems. The protocol works with non-FIFO channels and allows a process to broadcast to arbitrary and dynamically changing process groups. The protocol aims to minimize the amount of causal information to be transmitted through several mechanisms. Two mechanisms reduce the amount of causal information (CI) ...

Causal illusions are situations in which a causal relationship is inferred even though a physical mechanism is not possible. We offer an explanation of such illusions in terms of a two-process account of causal understanding. According to this view, judgments of causation involve two processes: an initial fast process involving the sensation of force that gives rise to the impression of causati...

Researchers have a long history in the conduct of evaluations of road safety countermeasures. However, despite the strengths of some evaluative road safety evaluations that align with previous and current thinking on program evaluation, few published road safety evaluations have followed standard conceptualization and methodology outlined in numerous program evaluation textbooks, journal articl...