Plant proteins with domains rich in leucine repeats play important roles detecting pathogens and triggering defense reactions, both at the cellular surface for pattern-triggered immunity cell to ensure effector-triggered immunity. As intracellular parasites, viruses are mostly detected intracellularly by a nucleotide binding site leucine-rich but receptor-like kinases repeats, known localize su...

Peritoneal exudates induced in rats infected with Listeria monocytogenes contain sensitized lymphocytes which can protect normal recipients against a Listeria challenge. The protective cells arise in lymphoid tissue remote from the peritoneal cavity. Those formed in the caudal lymph nodes of subcutaneously infected rats are delivered to the thoracic duct and hence to the blood from where they a...

In Drosophila melanogaster larvae, three classes of circulating cellular immune surveillance cells (hemocytes) can be identified: plasmatocytes, crystal cells, and lamellocytes. Plasmatocytes are professional phagocytes most similar to the mammalian monocyte/macrophage lineage and make up approximately 95% of circulating hemocytes. The other approximately 5% of circulating hemocytes consists of...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review assesses the recent progress in xenograft rejection by innate immune responses, with a focus on innate cellular xenoreactivity. RECENT FINDINGS Current literature was reviewed for new insights into the role of innate cellular immunity in xenograft rejection. Increasing evidence confirms that vigorous innate immune cell activation is accounted for by a combination...

The characteristics and function of human lymphocytes at a morbid site were studied. Exudative-sensitized lymphocytes in tuberculous pleural fluid reacted to the specific antigen more effectively and produced higher titers of lymphokines including interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin 2 (IL-2) than circulating lymphocytes. CD4+/CD8- T-cell subset is responsible for the antigen-specific I...