Although several attempts have been made to differentiate nematode species with polyclonal antisera, these efforts thus far have met with limited success because of extensive crossreactivities of the sera. Since the hybridoma technique offers the opportunity to develop more specific serological reagents, some research groups have recently started to apply this technology to the problem of speci...

In recent years, continuing environmental problems associated with the use of nematicides (47) have introduced a sense of urgency into the search for alternative methods of nematode management. For the past 90 years, research on the biological control of nematodes with microbial agents has been done by a few dedicated nematologists who have worked in small groups with little support. About 10 y...

Secondary metabolites from Bupleurum salicifolium were tested against viruses, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, the yeast Candida albicans, the nematodes Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis, the insect Spodoptera littoralis and the crustacean Artemia salina. These compounds were also tested against tumoral and non-tumoral cell lines. The polyacetylene 8S-heptadeca-2(Z)-9(Z)-diene-4,...

In 2009, three Slovenian strains of entomopathogenic nematodes) and commercial product Entonem (active ingredient S. feltiae), were tested under laboratory conditions for their activity against adult cereal leaf beetles (Oulema melanopus). The nematode strains were tested at four different doses (250, 500, 1000, and 2000 infective juveniles/adult) and at three temperatures (15, 20, and 25 oC). ...

Summary Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) are an economically important group of crop pests and oviparous animals; all nutrients required to develop ensure the survival their unhatched progeny need be deposited within egg, including proteins. The most abundant protein is vitellin, formed a precursor vitellogenin, which has roles in transporting lipids, providing amino acids influencing post-embry...

Plant Parasitic Nematodes are small worm like transparent, bilateral symmetry, pseudocoelomate, multicellular, free living or parasitic microorganism which predatory, aquatic, terrestrial, entopathogenic, ectoparasite, endoparasite, semi-endoparasite sedentary. They cause substantial problems to major crops throughout the world, including vegetables, fruits, and grain crops. The root knot cyst ...

Soybean-cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) was first reported from Japan in 1915. It has since been reported from Korea (1936), Manchuria (1938), the United States (USA) (1954), and Egypt (1968). It is of major concern to soybean producers only in Japan and the USA. Soybean was a major crop in the Orient by 1915 but it was grown very little elsewhere. Since that time its cultivation has spread...

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are one of the major biotic factors that cause significant yield losses in wheat-growing areas worldwide. The PPN groups causing economic wheat quantity and quality cereal cyst (CCNs) root-lesion (RLNs). Based on their wide distribution, pathogenicity, high occurrence cultivated areas, they considered threats to global food supply. loss caused by these destructi...

Plant-parasitic cyst nematodes penetrate plant roots and transform cells near the vasculature into specialized feeding sites called syncytia. Syncytia form by incorporating neighboring cells into a single fused cell by cell wall dissolution. This process is initiated via injection of esophageal gland cell effector proteins from the nematode stylet into the host cell. Once inside the cell, these...