Acoustic Doppler Velocity Meters (ADVMs) have become popular for estimating discharge in rivers exhibiting complex flow characteristics. To use the ADVMs for estimating channel discharge, a relation needs to be developed between the mean channel velocity and the index velocity provided by the ADVM. In the past, this relation was primarily developed empirically. To improve the accuracy of ADVM d...

Naturally occurring pores show a variety of polarities and sizes that are presumably directly linked to their biological function. Many biological channels are selective toward permeants similar or smaller in size than water molecules, and therefore their pores operate in the regime of single-file water pores. Intrinsic factors affecting water permeability through such pores include the channel...