Threats of domestic terrorism and international news about germ warfare research have forced us to recognize the potential menace of biological weapons. Both smallpox and anthrax could be used as biological weapons. It is important for physicians to reacquaint themselves with these diseases, because if a domestic attack were to occur, it might first be recognized when patients with unusual symp...

evidence acquisition this systematic review proposes a new triage system for patients exposed to nerve agents. information regarding clinical signs and symptoms of intoxication with nerve agents, primary treatments, and classification of patients were extracted from the literature. all related articles were reviewed. subsequently, specialists from different disciplines were invited to discuss a...

purpose : to review ocular surface abnormalities caused by exposure to mustard gas and current approaches to manage its delayed-onset complications methods : a total of 198 medical articles related to mustard gas were reviewed using known international medical databases, 114 articles were more relevant to the main aim were selected. results : mustard gas-related ocular injuries can be divided i...

The term "toxin weapon" has been used to describe poisons, classically of natural origin but increasingly accessible by modern synthetic methods, which are suitable for delivery on a battlefield in a form that causes death or severe incapacitation at relatively low concentrations (reviewed in ref. I). Several of the most important toxin weapons are proteins, and these molecules are the focus of...

during the 1960s, the relatively new approaches like environmental warfare and intentional environmental deterioration came in to the global security and strategic literature. till now, through different conventional and unconventional wars, the governments have imposed intentional and unintentional adverse effects on the environment some of which are lasting for decades. the application of wea...

Currently, defense transformation is driven and enabled primarily by advances in information technologies (IT) and network-centric warfare. Key characteristics of a modern transformed force include: new command, control, communications, computing, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR), networked with weapons and platforms; shared situational awareness; more accurate and standof...