F OR MANY YEARS, BRONCHOSCOPY HAS been performed by most physicians with the use of sedation and a topical anesthetic. more recently there has been a trend toward the use of general anesthesia for this procedure in order to spare the patient an unpleasant experience. However, general anesthesia usually makes the procedure more drastic and more expensive. Many bronchoscopies, morever, are now do...

CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE hydrochloride, "Librium", was discovered in the Roche Research Laboratories a few years ago. It is 7-Chloro-2-methylamino-5phenyl-3H-1, 4-benzo diazapine and is structurally unrelated to any other psychotropic drug. It has been found to be an effective drug with a general lack of severe side effects in the treatment of anxiety, either occurring alone, or complicating a variety ...

The learned helplessness (LH) paradigm is characterized by learning deficits resulting from inescapable events. The aims of the present study were to determine if protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) alters learning deficits induced by LH and if the neurochemical changes induced by malnutrition alter the reactivity to treatment with GABA-ergic and serotonergic drugs during LH. Well-nourished (W) ...

A re-evaluation of dilute (8 per cent w/v) ethanol as a sole intravenous anaesthetic agent (with various premedicants), in 300 patients undergoing minor gynaecological surgery, is reported. It confirms that adequate doses will rapidly induce sleep. Sedative or analgesic premedication, notably with promethazine, can make ethanol a more effective and acceptable induction agent, with the maximum d...

OBJECTIVES Benzodiazepines have been associated with an increased incidence of infections, and mortality from sepsis, in the critically ill. Here, we determined the effect of community use of benzodiazepines on the occurrence of, and mortality following, pneumonia. METHODS A nested case-control study using 29 697 controls and 4964 cases of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) from The Health Im...

Nicotine functions as a negative feature in a Pavlovian discriminated goal-tracking task. Whether withholding of responding to the conditional stimulus (CS) reflects nicotine functioning as a conditioned inhibitor is unknown. Accordingly, the present research sought to determine whether nicotine trained as a negative feature passed the retardation-of-acquisition and summation tests, thus charac...

We evaluated the EMIT (enzyme-multiplied immuno technique) and FPIA (fluorescence polarization immunoassay) urine screening systems for detection of benzodiazepine intake. Healthy male volunteers were given single oral therapeutic doses of alprazolam (2 mg), chlordiazepoxide (25 mg), flunitrazepam (1 mg), lorazepam (3.75 mg), nitrazepam (5 mg), and triazolam (0.25 mg), after which urine was col...

ERSTAD, B. L. & COTOGNO,C. L. (1995) Management of alcohol withdrawal. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 52. 697-709. HESSIONM. A.. VERMA.S. & MOHANBHAKTA,K. G. (1979) Dependence on chlormethiazole and effects of its withdrawal. Lancet, i. 953-954. KAIM.S. C.. KLETT.C. J. & ROTHFELD. B. (1969) Treatment of the acute alcohol withdrawal state: a comparison of four drugs. American Journa...

Benzodiazepines are among the most prescribed drugs for the treatment of a wide spectrum of clinical disorders. They have been used as anticonvulsants, anxiolytics, hypnotics or muscle relaxants with different durations of action. In this paper, the determination of six frequently used benzodiazepines and metabolites: flunitrazepam, oxazepam, alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and desmethyl...

Introduction Increasing numbers of patients are receiving treatment with the tranquillizing drugs, and patients referred to hospital with suspected thyrotoxicosis are often taking such drugs. It is important to know what effects these drugs have on tests of thyroid function if diagnostic confusion is to be avoided. Diazepam is a commonly prescribed centrallyacting tranquillizer. Published work ...