This paper represents the summary of the anorectal pathology in patients who have special conditions or are in certain age. Author offers his experience in handling the proctological entities in children, elderly, pregnant women, and patients with haemorrhoids who have inflammatory bowel conditions, malignancy or are HIV positive. These patients reqire special approach and are not seen every da...

Decision theory addresses the task of choosing an action; it provides robust decision-making criteria that support decision-making under conditions of uncertainty or risk. Decision theory has been applied to produce reinforcement learning algorithms that manage uncertainty in state-transitions. However, performance when there is uncertainty regarding the selection of future actions must also be...

This paper considers the special challenges facing learners of English in developing country contexts, and asks why a few individuals succeed in achieving competence in English where the majority more understandably fail. While research theory has shed light on individual learner differences such as aptitude, motivation and learning strategies, there has been very little empirical investigation...