Courts are the backbone of the rule of law, underpinning the institutional arrangements essential for a well-ordered and thriving society. But around the world, resolving disputes over contracts, property, family relations, and other noncriminal matters remains excessively expensive or inordinately protracted—putting courts beyond the reach of most citizens and undermining public confidence in ...

Background: Embryo donation is one of the methods of infertility treatment. With this way, Infertile couples use a donated Embryo formed from an egg of another woman and the sperm of another man. The embryo is then placed into the woman’s womb. In order to determine the legal nature of embryo donation, a comparison has been made between this legal institution and those mentioned in our Civil La...

The expansion of the US carceral state has been accompanied by the emergence of what we call the ‘shadow carceral state’. Operating beyond the confines of criminal law and justice institutions, the shadow carceral state expands penal power through institutional annexation and legal hybridity, including: (1) increased civil and administrative pathways to incarceration; (2) the creation of civil ...

The evolution of U.S. civil commitment law needs to be understood within the context of changes in psychiatry and medicine, as well as larger social policy and economic changes. American civil commitment law has reflected the swinging pendulum of social attitudes towards civil commitment, oscillating between more and less restriction for both procedural and substantive standards. These standard...

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The civil law system is highly characterized by relationships. The general rule is that any document of this domain is always embedded in a context of the legal order. The legal order can be defined as a set of norms; thus, understanding concepts of a legal norm is important to understanding other legal norms. However, this feature impairs knowledge of the law, since a thorough understanding of...