Many classroom climate studies suffer from two critical problems. They: (a) treat climate as a studentlevel (L1) variable in single-level analyses instead of a classroom-level (L2) construct in multilevel analyses; and (b) rely on manifest-variable models rather than latent-variable models that control measurement error at L1 and L2, and sampling error in the aggregation of L1 ratings to form L...

This study details the initial development of the Responsive Environmental Assessment for Classroom Teachers (REACT). REACT was developed as a questionnaire to evaluate student perceptions of the classroom teaching environment. Researchers engaged in an iterative process to develop, field test, and analyze student responses on 100 rating-scale items. Participants included 1,465 middle school st...

For nearly a century, the standard for determining the equivalency of academic courses and degrees has relied on time in the classroom as the primary indicator. Though widely accepted and convenient, time as the standard (i.e., the Carnegie unit) offers little utility for today's institutions of higher education. With the introduction and proliferation of instructional technologies and distance...

Several books and articles about learning space design have recently been published, giving much needed attention to new types of informal learning spaces such as the library commons. This article describes the redesign of a formal learning space: the general assignment classroom. In 2010, one of the University of Iowa’s Main Library classrooms was converted to an “active learning” space. The l...

Biology, Behavior, and Mind Lecture/Discussion Topic: Phrenology (p. 89) Neural Systems Neural Structures Lecture/Discussion Topic: Multiple Sclerosis and Guillain-Barré Syndrome (p. 90) Classroom Exercise: Modeling a Neuron and Using Dominoes to Illustrate the Action Potential (p. 90) UPDATED PsychSim 5: Neural Messages (p. 90) Worth Video Anthology: The Neuron: Basic Units of Communication* N...

The introduction of performance-related pay with Performance Management in the state school sector of England and Wales represents a considerable change in the school management system. After 2000, all teachers were subject to annual goal setting performance reviews. Experienced teachers were offered an extended pay scale based on performance instead of seniority, and to gain access to the new ...