User Interfaces (UIs) visualize a wide range of various underlying computer application concerns. Such orthogonal concerns present in even the simplest UIs. The expectation of support for users from various backgrounds, location, different technical skills, etc. serves to increase concern complexity. Nowadays users typically remotely access to applications from a variety of platforms including ...

Expectation-confirmation theory (ECT) posits that satisfaction is determined by interplay of prior expectations and perception of delivery. As such, there are many applications in research and practice that employ an ECT model. The descriptive power allows independent investigations manipulating either of the components and a format to examine just why clients are satisfied (or not) with a part...

During a civil engineering construction process many types of professionals are involved, such as engineers, constructors, designers, clients and so forth. To provide mutual understanding among construction workers and unify their ideas is necessary the creation of an effective presentation. In addition, the construction process have to work relatively in harmony with the situation of the const...

High turnover in IT consultancy companies makes it harder to manage IT projects and increases the cost of such projects as clients demand that vendors assign more employees to each project. Current thinking, summarized in Justice Theory and related theories, suggests that labour turnover is a matter of perceived lack of fairness in pay, regulations, how employees are treated, their expectation,...

An important reason to choose an intervention to treat psychological problems of clients is the expectation that the intervention will be effective in alleviating the problems. The authors investigated whether clinicians base their ratings of the effectiveness of interventions on models that they construct representing the factors causing and maintaining a client's problems. Forty clinical chil...

Psychological factors, market sentiments, and shifts in beliefs are believed by many to play a nontrivial role in inducing and amplifying economic fluctuations. Yet, these forces are rarely considered in macroeconomic models. This paper provides an attempt to evaluate the empirical role of expectational shocks on business cycle fluctuations. The paper relaxes the conventional assumption of rati...

The Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm [1, 2] is one of the most widely used algorithms in statistics. Suppose we are given some observed data X and a model family parametrized by θ, and would like to find the θ which maximizes p(X |θ), i.e. the maximum likelihood estimator. The basic idea of EM is actually quite simple: when direct maximization of p(X |θ) is complicated we can augment the...

The Expectation Maximisation (EM) algorithm is a procedure that iteratively optimises parameters of a given model, to maximise the likelihood of observing a given (training) dataset. Assuming that our framework has unobserved data, X, observed data, Y , parameters Θ, and a likelihood function L(X,Y,Θ) = P(X,Y |Θ), we can derive the steps of the algorithm as follows: 1. Choose initial parameters...

Let μ and λ be two positive bounded measures on the same meaurable space (Ω,F). We call μ and λ equivalent, and write μ ≡ λ, if they have the same null sets— so, if they were probability measures, the notion of “a.s.” would be the same for both. More generally, we call λ absolutely continuous (AC) w.r.t. μ, and write λ μ, if μ(A) = 0 implies λ(A) = 0, i.e., if every μ-null set is also λ-null. W...