Clinical marine toxicology is a rapidly changing area. Many of the new discoveries reported every year in Europe involve ecological disturbances--including global warming--that have induced modifications in the chorology, behavior, and toxicity of many species of venomous or poisonous aquatic life including algae, ascidians, fish and shellfish. These changes have raised a number of public issue...

The preclinical evaluation of drugs, including environmental agents, depends on toxicology studies carried out in animals under defined in vivo and in vitro conditions. With the advancement of biological and analytical sciences, toxicology has become highly multidisciplinary involving cellular, biochemical and molecular technology. It is now mandatory to perform reproductive and genetic toxicol...

The first principle for ensuring patient safety is to do no harm (primum non nocere). It clearly justifies why the legislative requirements of medicinal products should be strict and meticulous. aim preclinical evaluation protect public health by preventing clinical use with a potentially unfavourable risk–benefit profile. Traditionally, toxicology defined as study adverse effects chemical subs...

The development of stem cell biology has revolutionized regenerative medicine and its clinical applications. Another aspect through which stem cells would benefit human health is their use in toxicology. In fact, owing to their ability to differentiate into all the lineages of the human body, including germ cells, stem cells, and, in particular, pluripotent stem cells, can be utilized for the a...